GroundImprovement ThirdEdition EditedbyKlausKirschandAlanBell CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group Boca llaton L.ondon NewYork CRC Pres is an imprint of the Taylor &: Francis Group an infonma business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW Suite 300 Boca Raton FL. 33487-2742 CRC Press Is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group an Informa business 0 2013 by Klaus Kirsch and Alan Bell No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20121210 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-203-83897-6 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information but the author and publisher cannot and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this foerm has not been obtained. If any publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprin. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law no part of this book may be reprinted reproduced hereafter invented including photocopying microfilming and recoeding or in any infomatin stoe- transmitted or utilized in any form by any electronic mechanical or other means now known or For permisson to photocopy or use material electronically from this work please access ww.copy- right. (.copyright./) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive Danvers MA 01923 978-750-8400 CCC is a not-for-profit organization that pro- vides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a pho- tocopy license by the CCC a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or coeporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. .taylorandfrancis. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at and the CRC Press Web site at .crcpress. Contents Preface Editors vii Contributors ix Introduction and background 1 ALAN BELL AND KLAUS KIRSCH 2 Deep vibro techniques 17 JIMMY WEHR AND WOLFGANG SONDERMANN Dynamic paction 57 BARRY SLOCOMBE 4 Prefabricated vertical drains 87 JIAN CHU AND VENU RAJU 5 Permeation grouting 169 GERT STADLER AND HARALD KRENN 6 Jet grouting 207 GEORGE BURKE AND HIROSHI YOSHIDA Soilfracture grouting 259 EDUARD FALK AND CLEMENS KUMMERER Compaction grouting 299 JAMES HUSSIN i iv Contents In-situ soil mixing 329 MICHAL TOPOLNICKI 10 Dry soil mixing 435 MARCUS DAHLSTROM Index 495 Preface Ground improvement techniques continue to progress in addressing ground engineering problems across the world particularly in urban areas where land development and reuse need to be efficient not only in the geotechni- cal engineering but in time cost and energy used. As well as in expanding markets recent growth has also been seen across a range of methods in increasing productivity due to investment in plant and equipment and in improvement in technical performance and quality due to electronic moni- toring and control methods. Ground improvement methods are also fre- quently able to demonstrate low carbon impact and excellent sustainability credentials as these issues bee more important. The third edition of this well-known book provides a prehensive overview of the major ground improvement techniques in use worldwide today. The chapters are fully updated with recent developments and have been written by recognised experts who bring a wealth of knowledge and experience to bear on their contributions. Ground Improvement is written for civil and geotechnical engineers and for contractors involved in piling and ground engineering of any kind. Advanced graduate and postgraduate civil engineering and geotechnical students will find the book most helpful in guiding their studies.
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French standard NFC17-102 September2011 Classification index:C 17-102 ICS : 91.120.40 Protectionagainstlightning Earlystreameremissionlightningprotection systems F :Protection contre la foudre - Systemes de protection contre la foudre a dispositif d'amorcage D : Blitzschutz - Blitzableitersysteme mit Startvorrichtung OfficiallyapprovedFrenchstandard On the decision of the Managing Director of AFNOR le 17th August 2011 with effect from 17th September 2011. Intended to replace officially approved standard NF C 17-102 of july 1995 which remains in effect until September 2012. Correspondence There is no equivalent IEC or CENELEC document. Analysis This document describes the main dispositions in order to insure the impact by early streamer emission protection system. Many tests on ESE are detailed and specific installation rules are introduced toensure protection efficiency. Descriptors Structures building. open areas lightning protection protection device air terminal installation design down conductor earthing， equipotential bonding verification periodic inspection maintenance. Modifications Previous edition of the standard has been upgraded to introduce more tests and also include new requirements both for product selection and installation rules. Corrections g-: : u gsnn : we 19 C282 1 (0) C : d 00 290 6 (0) : 19 xep ) UTE 1° printing 2012-08 Reproduction pronibited UTE NF C 17-102 UTEhastakenallreasonablemeasures to ensure the accuracy of this translation but regrets that no responsibility can be accepted for any error omissionorinaccuracy. In casesofdoubt or dispute the original language text only is valid. UTE NF C 17-102 FOREWORD There is no international standard or specific European standard about early streamer emission lightningprotection systems This document is intended to replace the 1995 edition of the NF C 17-102 with its second printing in 2009. This document specifies requirements for design in the present state of knowledge and systems and provides guidance on how to achieve this protection. structures people or objects;however the application of this document must reduce significantly the risk of damage due to lightning on protected structures. The provisions stated in this document are minimum requirements to ensure statistically an effective protection. This new edition is a pleterevision of the standard following the publication of the European protectionof structuresagainst lightning However the EN62305seriesisnot dealing with early streamer emission technology.the revision of the NF C 17-102 appeared essential to provide the design requirements of an early In order to have no conflict with the European standard series this document makes no reference to it but repeats the necessary arrangements for the design and creation of the lightningprotection system. The UTE has established the following dates: -Date onwhich the previous nationalstandardwillbe canceled:September 2012: -Date ofcessation of presumption of conformity ofproducts manufacturedunder the superseded standard: September 2012. This document was approved June 28 2011 by the Commission UF81， Protection against lightning. UTE NF C 17-102 CONTENTS Scope. 6° 2 Normative and regulation references .. 3 Definitions .11 4 Lightning protection system with Early Streamer Emission Air Terminal. .16 4.1 Need of protection. .16 4.2 Components of the lightning protection system.. 16 5 Early streamer emission lightning protection system. .18 5.1 Design. 18 5.2 Early Streamer Emission Terminal. 18 5.2.1 General principles 18 5.2.2 ESEAT efficiency - .18 5.2.3 Positioning of the ESEAT .18 5.2.4 Materials and dimensions... 21 5.2.5 Installation. .21 5.3 Down-conductors. 22 5.3.1 General principles. 22 5.3.2 Number of down-conductors. 22 5.3.3 Routing. .23 5.3.4 Indoor routing. 24 5.3.5 Outside cladding 24 5.3.6 Materials and dimensions.... .24 5.3.7 Test joint. .25 5.3.8 Lightning event counter. 25 5.3.9 Natural ponents. 25 5.4 Equipotential bonding of metal parts. 26 5.4.1 General. 26 5.5 Lightning equipotential bonding . 26 5.5.1 General. 26 5.5.2 Lightning equipotential bonding for metal installations. 26 5.5.3 Lightning equipotential bonding for external conductive parts . 27 5.5.4 Lightning equipotential bonding for internal systems... .27 5.5.5 Lightning equipotential bonding for lines connected to the structure to be protected .28 5.6 Electrical insulation of the external ESESystem . 28 6 Earth termination systems. .30 6.1 General. .30 6.2 Earth termination system types .31 6.3 Additional measures 33 6.4 Earthing equipotentiality. .33 6.5 Proximity requirements .34 6.6 Materials and dimensions. .34 7 Special measures .34 7.1 Aerials. .34 7.2 Inflamable and explosive material storage areas. .34 7.3 Religious buildings. .34 8 Execution file verification and maintenance .35 UTE 5 NF C 17-102 8.1 Execution File. .35 8.2 Orders of Verifications. .36 8.3 Verification report .36 8.4 Initial verification... .36 8.5 Visual verification. .37 8.6 Complete verification .37 8.7 Maintenance .37 ANNEXE A (normative) RISK ANALYSIS .38 A.1 Explanation of terms .38 A.1.1 Damage and loss .38 A.1.2 Risk and risk ponents. .39 A.1.3 Composition of risk ponents related to a structure. 41 A.2 Risk management. .42 A.2.1 Basic procedure. .42 A.2.2 Structure to be considered for risk assessment. .42 A.2.3 Tolerable risk R .42 A.2.4 Specific procedure to evaluate the need of protection .42 A.2.5 Procedure to evaluate the cost effectiveness of protection . ..43 A.2.6 Selection of protection measures. .43 A.3 Assessment of risk ponents for a structure. .45 A.3.1 Basic equation. .45 A.3.2 Assessment of risk ponents due to flashes to the structure (S1). ...45 A.3.3 Assessment of the risk ponent due to flashes near the structure (S2). .45 A.3.4 Assessment of risk ponents due to flashes to a line connected to the structure (S3) .46 A.3.5 Assessment of risk ponent due to flashes near a line connected to the structure (S4).. .46 A.3.6 Summary of risk ponents in a structure. .47 A.3.7 Partitioning of a structure in zones Zs . .47 A.3.8 Assessment of risk ponents in a structure with zones Zs .48 A.4 Assessment of annual number N of dangerous events ..49 A.4.1 General.... ...49 A.4.2 Assessment of the average annual number of dangerous events due to flashes to a structure Np and to a structure connected at *a” end of a line Nps. A.4.3 Assessment of the average annual number of dangerous events due to flashes near a structure Nu ..54 A.4.4 Assessment of the average annual number of dangerous events due to flashes to a service N ...54 A.4.5 Assessment of average annual number of dangerous events due to flashes near a service N .55 A.5 Assessment of probability Px of damage for a structure .56 A.5.1 Probability P that a flash to a structure will cause injury to living beings..... .56 A.5.2 Probability Pe that a flash to a structure will cause physical damage .57 A.5.3 Probability Pe that a flash to a structure will cause failure of internal systems... .57 A.5.4 Probability Mp that a flash near a structure will cause failure of internal systems...58 A.5.5 Probability Pu that a flash to a service will cause injury to living beings ...59 A.5.6 Probability Pv that a flash to a service will cause physical damage. .60 A.5.7 Probability Pw that a flash to a service will cause failure of internal systems . ..60 A.5.8 Probability Pz that a lightning flash near an ining service will cause failure of internal systems . 60