都市与社区
Community and the cir
中文版（韩语版第第857期）
大连理工大学出版社
内容摘要：
社区复兴调查
Investigating the Re-birth of the Community
感知实标上不仅仅是感觉，感知是一个积极的过程，通过它我们可以了解周围的世界。
一布莱恩，劳森.《空问的语言》.2001年
本书探讨的是建筑与社区概念的关系，焦点在于从社区的规模上来感知建筑物一一也就是使用者以及居住者与周围建筑的互动，首先，简要介绍一下社区的概念以及在社区环境中的建筑设计方法，这将会建立起这种膏学科设计方法的界限，然后看一看与比主题有关的几个项目。
社区的概念在城市研究中经常出现.一般用于参照城市中社会生活的各个方面.传统上，社区这一概念被人类学家.社会学家.地理学家和城市规划者使用，用来指在一定的界限.地点或地域内发生的一系列社会关系。在关于城市和社会的研究中，社区是个最具争议的概念，虽然按照惯例，社区的概念是用来描述某一特定地点的特征的，但它也被当成一种更接近意识形态的词语，藉此来证实一种特殊的身份，或是促进一个特殊的政治项日.总体上，可以定义为四种广泛的方法，第一种认为社区是出现在明显空问化的地理环境中的一系列相会关系，从该词语的这个角度来讲，有大量的集中于这种具体社区的形式和功能的著作，第二种方法将社区的概念定义为个体或社会群体的特辣社会互动模式的产物，这种方法的前提是假设存在不同程度的一致以及矛盾，它将社区看成了社会成员之间持续协商的产物，第三种意义上的社区用来描述个体与社会之问特殊的社会关系，这个观点和传统意义上对社区的理解最为接近，因为它唤起了社区的传统餐念，即对归属感的追求，以及想成为社会群体一员的愿望，第四种方法着眼于社区的基本性质如何随着通信系统和电脑科技使用的变革而得到了制底的转变，根据这一观点，通信技术的发展从根本上破坏了社区的传统氧念，在很大程度上改变了个人和社会群体之间建立归属关系的方式。
"Perception is actually more than just sensation.Perception is an active process through which we make sense of the worldaround us."-Bryan Lawson,Language of Space,2001。
The issue deals with the relationship of architecture and the idea of community.The focus lies on the perception ofbuildings at the scale of communities-thus the interaction of users and inhabitants with the surrounding architec-ture.Before taking a look at several projects related to this topic,a brief introduction on the idea of community andthe means of architecture in this context will build up the scope of this interdisciplinary approach.The concept of community has appeared regularly throughout urban studies and is generally employed in refer-ence to all aspects of the social life of cities.Traditionally used by anthropologists,sociologists,geographers andurban planners to signify a set of social relationships operating within a specific boundary,location,or territory,community is arguably one of the most contested concepts used in the study of the city and society.Althoughconventionally evoked to describe the characteristics of a specific locality or area,the idea of community has alsobeen used in far more ideological terms as a means by which to substantiate a particular identity or to further aspecific political project.In general four broad approaches can be identified.The first approach conceives of com-munity as a set of social relations occurring within a distinctly spatialized and geographical setting.There exists arich body of work that has focused upon the form and function of specific communities in this sense of the term.A second approach conceptualizes community as the outcome of a particular mode of social interaction amongindividuals or social groups.Premised upon varying degrees of consensus and conflict,this approach essentiallyviews community to be the product of ongoing negotiation between social actors.Community has been used ina third sense to describe a particular type of social relationship between the individual and society.This perspec-tive is perhaps closest to a commonsense interpretation of community,as it evokes the notion of community as asearch for belonging and desire for group membership.The fourth approach looks at how the foundational natureof community has been decisively altered by innovations in the use of communications and computer technol-ogy.According to this view,developments in communicative technology have fundamentally undermined moretraditional conceptualizations of community and radically altered the means by which individuals and social groupsgenerate bonds of attachment。
关于这一主题的广义范围的调查只能在这一环境中进行探讨，例如，芝加哥大学城市社会学院提出了这样一个城市研究的观点：城市是以“各种小世界拼成的一种综合的形式.对于一些特殊的社会群体邻甲之问.职业工作比如土匪，街头混混，出租车司机，及许多其他职业]方面的人类学探素研究.显示出了具有明显公共情绪的特殊的社会文化领地，对于城市增长和发展的分析重心就是人类生态学观点的应用，这一观点认为，持续不断的移民入侵使城市系统持续发展和扩大，芝加哥学院派的关键观点就是认识到了当地和社区层面上的流动性对城市的整体结构有着重要的影响.，另外许多信仰马克思主义的批判型学者论证得出了全球资本主义的崛起对当代城市环境中社区的实现也有不利的影响。他们认为，正是全球资本主义的霸权才导数了城市生活中的社区被取代，这样的观点表明社区与资本世界的秩序是相对立的.这样的讨论多在关于中产阶级化和城市新兴阶级的争辩中进行，并且，国际移民也从根本上改变了当前全球城市中的社区的构成.以维持跨国的个人和经济关系网为特征的当代移民社区有利于全球的社交和科技革新，在移民的祖国和移居国之间形成了联系。
在当代的城市研究中使用社区的概念时，可以看出三个广泛的趋势，第一个趋势包含在关于公民接触的社群主义辩论中.如果对于特定社区的认同依赖于归属感的培养，那么公民结杜和当地社区网络的复兴就是必不可少的。将社区的重要性和公民权的重要性结合在一起，就很容易理解社群主义者的立场他们的立场挑战了个体自主性和个人成就实规方面的自由主义的重要性。
第二种趋势表明，随着越来越多个人因为相同的观点，品味和生活方式而聚集在一起，社区的本质已经成为更加接近难意志论心理学的社会奥约方式.在这种意义上，社区受到了特定的身份或兴矩追求的性质的严格限制，其特征是社区成员的标准具有相对流动性和暂时性的特点。
The broad range of research related to this topic can only be broached in this context.For example,the ChicagoSchool of Urban Sociology proposed a vision of urban study in which the city was revealed as a composite 'mosaicof little worlds".Ethnographic explorations of everything from particular social groups,neighborhood locales,andoccupational niches(e.g.,gangs,street corners,taxi-cab drivers,and many others)revealed distinct socio-culturalenclaves of communal sentiment.Central to that analysis of urban growth and development was the employment
of a human ecology perspective in which the city was seen to develop and expand organically due to ongoingwaves of immigrant invasion and succession.A key insight of Chicago School scholarship was the recognition thatdynamics occurring at the local and community level had significant impact upon the overall structure of the city.Additionally,many critically and Marxist oriented scholars have argued that the rise of global capitalism has provendetrimental to the realization of community in contemporary urban settings.Arguing that the hegemony of global
capitalism has led to the displacement of community in city life,such perspectives suggest community to be an-tithetical to the logic of a capitalist world order.Many such discussions have been conducted within the contextof debates on gentrifcation and urban regeneration.Furthermore,international migration has also fundamentallyaltered the constitution of community in the contemporary global city.Characterized by the maintenance of trans-national personal and economic networks,contemporary immigrant communities avail of the communicative andtechnological innovations of globalization to forge links between homeland and host country.Three broad trends can be discerned when considering the utility of the concept of community in contemporaryurban studies.A first trend is contained in communitarian debates regarding civic engagement.If identification witha particular community is dependent upon the cultivation of a sense of belonging,the revival of civic associationsand local community networks are deemed essential.Combining an emphasis on the importance of community
with a stress on citizenship,the communitarian position is most clearly understood when conceived of as a positionthat challenges the liberal emphasis placed upon individual autonomy and achievement of personal fulfillment A second trend suggests that the nature of community has become a far more voluntaristic means of social engage-ment as individuals come together on the basis of similarity of ideas,taste and lifestyle.In this view,community isheavily circumscribed by the nature of the particular identity or interest pursuit,and characterized by relatively fluidand transient criteria of membership。
城市交通的转变
Transforming Urban
随着科技的发展和运输速度的提高，车站和运输枢纽的角色变得越发复杂，亟待改善它们的需求客观上创造了机会，让人们重新思考车站的分类以及车站与城市和公共区域的关系，公共休息室，零售区，交流区，城市的标志区和重大活动的举办场地在过去的交通枢纽中都体现得不太明显，现在的交通急等实现与其他交通模式的有效连接，随着迈向信息时代社会的速度的加快，更好地建设基魂设施的要求也在增长，而随着预计的人口增长和全新规划的运输网络，城市交通建筑经历了变革，一方面需要升级它的功能性，另一方面需要以21世纪的新精神来重新建立，城市交通新建筑如何展示自己，对改变城市的形象，加强城市的连接功能以及未来的发展方面有很大的彩响。
交通运输的基础设施是如何定义我们的城市结构的？公路.自行车道和人行道是最基本的公共区域，它们支撑着我们的运输方式，同时定文着城市的总体格局，在宏观水平上，公略。航道和领空决定着城市区域如何连接彼此的空间.城市规划观点中认为宏观和微观的结合点是交通枢纽.港口和火车站，它们将不同的交通模式结合在起，机场通常被规划在城市核心之外而游轮码头可以靠近城市中心，重要的火车站或地铁站通常规划在城市肌理的腹地，即使不是在中心，也要决定着城市的重要中心和发展。
As technology and the speed of transportation improve,the role of the stationsand transportation hubs has become more complex,and the need to improvethem creates opportunities in rethinking the typology of the station and itsrelationship with the city and the public realm.Lounges,retail,communication,branding of cities and even event spaces are programs that were less evidentin the historic transportation hubs.Better efficiency to connect to other modes of transport is desired,and thus a need for better infrastructure is growing asthe speed of our information age society increases.As projected populationunfold and the new transport network is proposed,the architecture of urbantransportation is going through an evolution to upgrade its functionality whileat the same time reestablishing itself in the spirit of the 21st century.How the new architecture of urban transportation manifests itself is having effect in thetransforming of the city's image,urban connectivity and future development。
近几年，出现了一种葡求，即重建日的车站来演足人口增长的需要或者建立新的车站来满足新的路线和科技的灣要，像穿过欧洲的高迪列车网络，这舞要建立更有玻引力和有效的文通柜纽，而这个交通板组成者建在原来城市的腹地或者形减一个新的交通区伍.来创透一个额的机会，这样不仅建造了一座新的建筑，重建城市受欢迎的形象，而目能在再次促进增长的同时改造周边的公共领域.这个交通枢纽在地区水平和当地水平之间重新建立了连接性和城市连贯性，重新思考车姑的类别，这一机调解决了处理大型建筑物的问题然而具有汉刺性意味的是，在很多地方.大型历史建筑物都被用来区分街区：设置边界且氧国不受欢迎且不安全，今天，科技允许我们在传统的车站上面和下面建酒分层.我们看见埋入地下或拾离地面的火车轨道.增加的多功能窃务项目，重新连接的城市，新的车站是多层次的，有清浙的视线和明亮的日光效果，是公共空间的延伸，用作交通枢纽的新建筑是城市改造的催化剂.相对于过去.这展现了今天的数字时代。
How does infrastructure of transportation define our city structure?Roads,bicycle lanes,and sidewalks are on the very basicevel of the public realm that supports our transportation meth-ods while defining the general layout of our city.On a macro levelRailroads,Waterways,and Airspace are spaces that defined howone urban region connects to another.The coming together ofthe micro and macro on an urban planning perspective is oftentransport hubs.ports or stations that bring these various modesof transport together.While airports have traditionally beenplanned outside the urban core,crulse terminals can be placedcloser to the center,and major train or subway stations are oftenplanned deeper into the city fabric and define an important focusand development of the city,if not in the center.There is a need in recent years to renew older stations to ac-commodate growth in population or build new ones to cater fornew routes or technology such as the high-speed trains networkthroughout Europe.This needs to create a more attractive andeffclent transportation hub,either deep in the original urbancontext or to establish a new one,offering an opportunity to notonly create a new building and reestablish the city's welcomingimage,but regenerate growth,and transform the public realmaround it.It reestablishes the connectivity and urban coherencybetween the regional level and the local-level.The opportunityto rethink the station typology addresses the challenges of thelarge footprint of a building that ironically in many places have。
位于尼泊尔的由Dominiqu perrault建筑事务所设计的加里波第广场是一个基出设施案例.它重新定义了公共空间，这个项目改善了尼润尔中央车站前原有的主要广场.同时为建造一座全新的地下地铁站回出空问，这处新型代表性公共空间连接着两个车站，国合了有轨电车线路，且建造了停车场，重新规划了交通流线，使广场成为尼泊尔运输系统中最复杂的运输枢短，在一系列八棵金属制成的人工树下地下的商坐长麻展现了阴影的交织，同时遮盖了连接原有中心车站的几何结构天篷的穿孔金属板创造不断改空的外观，即三种变化的图案，公共雕修和火车站中问的道路作为主触将广场分开.围饶地铁站的公共空问具备城市人行道的特征，主路的另一边是带有池塘和其他最现特征的软景花园其他城市的交通枢细通过与水的连接发挥了作用，位于悉尼海，由的翰进·皮尔领·沃克设计的白湾部轮妈头是一个使利设施.成为澳大利亚休闲游船项日的廷伸，这个设计利用了现存的，占老的桥式起重制。
historically divided neighborhoods,set borders,and establshedan unwelcoming and unsafe atmosphere.Today,as technologyallows us to create layers above and below the traditional stationwe see train tracks buried or lilted,mic-use commercial programsedded,and urban continuity relinked.The new station is multieveled,with clear sightlines and daylight,and is an extension ofthe public space.The new architecture of the transportation hub is a catalyst of urban transformation that is expressive of the digi tal era of today with respect to the historical one. The Garibaldi Square in Naples by Dominique Perrault Architec-ture is an example of infrastructure redefining the public space The project improves the existing main square in front of CentralStation of Naples,while providing a new address to the under-ground metro station.The new representative public space links the two stations,borders a tramline and includes car parking and he rearrangement of traffic,making the square one of the most
complex transport hub in Naples transport system.Under the seies of eight metallic 'trees,the commercial gallery below groundevel enjoys the shadow-play and shading of the geometric struc ture that relates to the existing central station.The perforated etal on the canopy provides an ever-changing appearance in rariations of three pattems.A road as a main axis between the oublic statue and the train station divides the piazza however.While the public space surrounding the metro station is of an uroan pedestrian character,the other side of the main road is made
通过重塑城市交通枢纽来进行的另一个大型城市特征改造在最近于鹿特丹开放的中心火车站得到体现，CS团队，即Berthem Crouwe建筑师事务所VSA建筑师事务所以及W阳财8城市设计与景观建筑事务所合作设计了这一项目.最近十年.这个项目一直都在建设当中，同时每天火车都在正常运行，富有意义的古老车站被重新开发，来满足2025年即将增长到323000人的客流量，这一增长不但代表重要的交通延纽室化的需要，而且还是饮为高速铁路线网的一部分，这个项日的北部是19世纪的住宅区，南都是繁荣的当代或市中心，该建筑将它们与一个育业长意和一个地丽白行车隧道连接起来，同时铁路和贴台被提高了一个层次，从实用性方面来看，这个项目解决了多层次交通枢细的功能复杂性。
up of softer green garden spaces with ponds and other landscape features.Other cities'transportation hubs are leveraged through its con-nectivity to water.The White Bay Cruise Terminal in Sydney Har-bour by Johnson Pilton Walker is a facility that serves the expand-ing lelsure cruise industry in Australia.The design utilizes theexisting historic gantry crane structure to support an elegantwavy canopy roof.The structure was once a part of the contain-er shipping operations between Sydney and Europe in the late1960's.The use of this structure allows the architects to create aninterior space that appears to support a free and hence airy,flex-ible use of space with daylight framing a panorama of the cityskyline.The architecture embraces the industrial character andtransforms the fading industrial site into a memorable experiencewhile adding an iconic welcoming gateway to the city and it's ex-tensive waterway network. Another significant transformation of a city's character throughthe remaking of its transportation hub can be seen in Rotterdamwith its recent opening of the Central Station.Team CS,a collabo-ration of Benthem Crouwel Architects,MVSA Architects and West8,designed the project that has been in the making for the last tenyears whille daily use of the trains was in operation.The previoushistorically meaningful station had to be redeveloped to cater forthe growth of daily travelers of 323,000 by 2025.This growth rep-resents not only a need for a signifcant transportation hub of theregion but also a part of the European High Speed Line network. Located between a 19th Century residential area to the north。
主要通过清晰且有序连贾的运输序列来完成：火车，地铁，电车道.公交车，出相车和汽车车站.停车场.以及5200个地下白行车车位，从建筑学方读来说，这个项目以北部覆盖了全部轨道的玻璃屋顶为特征，这一特征与精致的居住特征相区配.南部设有一座大厅，带有闪光的摩塑型顶，契合了周图环境中的现代摩天大极。为了和城市的历史相连接，来自战后车站的装饰品融入新设计中，包括旧时钟，宽虹字，慎杆以及两个标志着白行车隧道入口的花岗者摩塑.鹿特丹中心火车站在城市中的影响可以在周图的公共空间中感受到，尤其是车站广场将人行情道引入城市中心，接受来白两边都是形人工树的步行大道的人们的致意。人工树与车站内部的铜铁结构相映村，车站北驱的公共区城将现行隧道改道使其好像仍处在过去的场景中，具靠近入口处，将水，树和绿化带结合在一起，创造出受欢迎的城市形象。一条温暖的.红色花岗岩铺成的车站公共空问像显子一样从北到南。从内到外地覆盖了车站的公共区域将原菜的港口小镇变成一座友好的世界级港口城市。
Abdl0的+Sentkiewicz建筑事务所设计了一个类似的但是更大的城市and a contemporary thriving city-center to the south,the projectbridges the two worlds with a commercial passage and a bicycletunnel on ground level while the rails and platforms are lifted onelevel above.The project pragmatically addresses the functionalcomplexity of a multilevel transport hub with a dear,coherentlyorganizing array of transportation:trains,an underground metro,trams,buses,taxis and car drop-offs,car park and an undergroundbicycle parking of 5,200 stalls.Architecturally,the project featureson the north a glass roof that covers all the train tracks,matching the delicate residentlal character,and on the south,it showcases
a grand hall with a glimmering sculptural roof that correspondsto the contemporary skyscrapers in its surrounding.To connect with the city's history,omnamentation from the previous post-war station is re-integrated into the new design,such as the old clock. neon letters,flag posts,and two granite sculptures marking the entrances of the bicycle tunnel.I he urban impact of Rotterdam Central Station can be felt in the public space surrounding the building,especially with the station square leading the pedestrian into the city center.greeted by people from the promenade onboth side rows of Y-shape trees,which correspond to Y-form steelcolumns inside the station.The public realm to the north of thestation will reroute the existing canal closer to the entrance as itwere in its history,bringing water,trees and green to the welcom-ing image of the city.A warm reddish-granite carpet'"like stationpublic space from north to south,inside and out,transforms theonce harbor town into a frlendly world-class port city.
In a similar kind of program but of a larger urban transtormation（略）
