ICS93.020 P20
团体标准
T/CSRME016一2021 城市地下空间网络化拓建工程技术规范
Technical specification for networked extension and construction engineering of urban underground space
2术语
2.0.1
城市地下空间urban underground space
城市地表以下,为满足人类生产、生活的需要而开发利用的空间。
2.0.2
既有地下结构existing underground structure
拓建前已经存在,经过改造仍然使用或受到拓建显著影响的地下建(构)筑物。
2.0.3
地下空间拓建extension and construction of underground space
在既有地下空间基础上,通过改(扩)建形成新的地下空间的工程活动。
2.0.4
网络化拓建networked extension and construction
通过改(扩)建形成平面相连、上下互通网络状地下空间的工程活动。
2.0.5
近接增建adjacent extension and construction
与既有地下结构密贴、共用结构或在既有地下结构影响范围内新建结构的一种拓建方式。
2.0.6
连通接驳extension by connection between existed structures
通过开口、增设通道或下沉广场等形式,形成地下空间之间或地下空间与地面之间互通的一种拓建方式。
2.0.7
竖向增层extension in vertical direction
在既有地下结构上方或下方新建地下空间,并整体或局部连通的一种拓建方式。
2.0.8
以小扩大extension by enlarging existing underground
通过改(扩)建既有地下结构,形成新的地下大空间的一种拓建方式。
2.0.9
多维拓展multidirectional extension
采用一种或多种拓建方式,在不同空间方位对既有地下空间改(扩)建形成新的地下空间的拓建方式。
2术语
2.0.1保温装饰板外墙外保温系统external thermal insulation systems based on insulated decorative panel
由保温装饰板、粘结砂浆、锚固组件、嵌缝材料和密封胶以及必要时采用的托架等组成的固定在建筑外墙外侧的非承重保温装饰构造的总称。
2.0.2保温装饰板外墙外保温工程external thermal insulation engineering based on insulated decorative panel
按保温装饰板外墙外保温系统基本构造做法,采用粘锚并重方式将其安装在外墙外表面所形成的建筑保温装饰构造实体。
2.0.3保温装饰板insulated decorative panel
由装饰面板、保温材料和胶粘剂在工厂复合成型后,进行切割开槽或加装卡槽制成的板状制品。
2.0.4锚周组件anchoring components
由锚栓、连接件或龙骨、压紧件、螺栓或自攻螺钉组成,用于锚固保温装饰板的锚固件总称。连接件、龙骨和压紧件长度为平行于设置锚固组件的板缝方向的尺寸,高度为垂直于墙面方向的尺寸,宽度为平行于墙面方向且垂直于设置锚固组件的板缝方向的尺寸。
2.0.5单点锚周力anchoring force of single point
在无粘结力条件下,保温装饰板通过锚固组件与基层墙体之间单个锚固点的抗拉力。
2.0.6包裹砂浆板wrapped mortar board
由聚合物砂浆、玻纤网复合组成,包裹在保温材料表面及侧面的砂浆板,在侧面开槽制成锚周部位。
ICS91.010.99
中国建筑业协会团体标准
团体标准 P30
T/CCIAT0045-2022 建设工程电子文件与电子档案管理规程
Management specification for construction project electronic documents and archives
2术语和缩略语
2.1术语
2.1.1绿色医学实验室green medical laboratory
在满足医学实验室功能要求的前提下,在全寿命周期内最大限度地节约资源、保护环境、诚少污染,为使用人员提供安全、健康、适用、高效的工作空间。
2.1.2医学实验室装饰装修medical laboratory decoration
为满足医学实验室使用功能和室内环境要求,对医学实验室进行空间处理并布置相关机电设备、实验用家具、标识等的过程。
2.1.3洁净区clean zone
医学实验室中空气悬浮粒子浓度受控的限定空间。其建造和使用应减少空间内诱人、产生及滞留粒子。空间内其他有关参数如温度、湿度、压力等按要求进行控制。
2.1.4半污染区semi-contaminated area
医学实验室中洁净和污染区之间的过渡区。
2.1.5污染区contaminated area
医学实验室中被病源微生物污染的区域。
2术语
2.0.1近零能耗建筑nearly zero energy building
适应气候特征和场地条件,通过被动式建筑设计最大幅度降低建筑供暖、空调、照明需求,通过主动技术措施最大幅度提高能源设备与系统效率,充分利用可再生能源,以最少的能源消耗提供舒适室内环境,且其室内环境参数和能效指标符合本标准规定的建筑,其建筑能耗水平应符合现行国家标准《近零能耗建筑技术标准》GB/T51350相关规定。
2.0.2超低能耗建筑ultra-low energy building
超低能耗建筑是近零能耗建筑的初级表现形式,其室内环境参数与近零能耗建筑相同,能效指标略低于近零能耗建筑,其建筑能耗水平应符合现行国家标准《近零能耗建筑技术标准》GB/T51350相关规定。
2.0.3零能耗建筑zero energy building
零能耗建筑是近零能耗建筑的高级表现形式,其室内环境参数与近零能耗建筑相同,充分利用建筑本体和周边的可再生能源资源,使可再生能源年产能大于等于建筑全年全部用能的建筑,其建筑能耗水平应符合现行国家标准《近零能耗建筑技术标准》GB/T51350相关规定。
2.0.4产能建筑energy plus building
当零能耗建筑使可再生能源年产能大于建筑全年全部用能110%时,这种零能耗建筑也可称为产能建筑。
2.0.5建筑能耗综合值building energy consumption
在设定计算条件下,单位面积年供暖、通风、空调、照明、生活热水、电梯的终端能耗量和可再生能源系统发电量,利用能源换算系数,统一换算到标准煤当量后,两者的差值。
2.0.6供暖年耗热量annual heating demand
在设定计算条件下,为满足室内环境参数要求,单位面积年累计消耗的需由室内供暖设备供给的热量。
2.0.7供冷年耗冷量annual cooling demand
在设定计算条件下,为满足室内环境参数要求,单位面积年累计消耗的需由室内供冷设备供给的冷量。
2.0.8建筑气密性air tightness of building envelope
建筑在封闭状态下阻止空气渗透的能力。用于表征建筑或房间在正常密闭情况下的无组织空气渗透量。通常采用压差实验检测建筑气密性,以换气次数Ns0,即室内外50Pa压差下换气次数来表征建筑气密性。
2.0.9可再生能源利用率utilization ratio of renewable energy)
供暖、通风、空调、照明、生活热水、电梯系统中可再生能源利用量占其能量需求量的比例。
2术语
2.0.1地源热泵系统ground-source heat pump system
以岩土体、地下水或地表水为低温热源,由水(地)源热泵机组、地热能交换系统、建筑物内系统组成的供暖空调系统。根据地热能交换系统形式的不同,地源热泵系统分为地埋管地源热泵系统、地下水地源热泵系统和地表水地源热泵系统。
2.0.2地源热泵系统制热性能系数coefficient of performance of ground-source heat pump system (COP)
地源热泵系统总制热量与热泵系统总耗电量的比值,热泵系统总耗电量包括热泵主机、各级循环水泵的耗电量。
2.0.3地源热泵系统制冷能效比energy efficiency ration of ground-source heat pump system (EER)
地源热泵系统制冷量与热泵系统总耗电量的比值,热泵系统总耗电量包括主机、各级循环水泵的耗电量。
2.0.4负荷率load ratio
地源热泵系统供冷供暖期间的运行负荷与设计负荷之比。
2.0.5调试testing adjusting and balancing
对各个系统在安装、单机试运转、性能测试、系统联合试运行的整个过程中,采用规定的方式完成测试、调整和平衡工作。
2术语和缩略语
2.1术语
2.1.1商业建筑信息模型commercial building information modeling,commercial building information model
在商业建筑的全生命期内,对其物理和功能特性进行的数字化表达
2.1.2设计信息模型design information model
商业建筑项目设计阶段建立、应用和交付的,包含多专业设计信息的信息模型。
2.1.3施工信息模型construction information model
商业建筑项目施工阶段,根据施工情况应用并更新的信息模型。
2.1.4竣工信息模型as-built information model
商业建筑项目竣工后交付的与项目实体交付物保持一致的信息模型。
2.1.5协同collaboration
基于建筑信息模型进行数据共享及协同的过程。
2.1.6几何信息geometry information
表示建筑物或构件的空间位置、体量形状的一组参数。
2.1.7非几何信息non-geometric information
建筑物及构件除几何信息以外的其他信息,包括材料信息、属性信息。
2.1.8信息模型交换information model transfer
信息模型在不同专业、不同软件之间的传递过程。
2.1.9信息模型交付information model delivery
将信息模型或基于信息模型的成果按协议或约定传递给需求方的过程。
2.1.10信息模型应用information model application
针对特定的目标,利用信息模型中定义(创建)的信息,加工得到新的信息模型数据或结论的过程。
2.1.11信息模型审核information model check
根据特定的标准,对建设工程各阶段完成的信息模型成果进行的合标性、合规性、一致性的检查过程。
2.1.12模型单元model unit
商业建筑信息模型中承载建筑信息的实体及相关属性的集合,是工程对象的数字化表达,包括建筑物、空间结构、功能系统或构件。
2.1.13空间结构spatial structure
商业建筑信息模型中,承载将建筑物按分层、分区等空间逻辑分解的建筑信息的实体及相关属性的结合。
2术语
2.0.1换流器converter
换流站中用以实现交、直流电能相互转换的设备,也称换流阀组。通常由换流阀连接成一定的回路进行换流。换流器采用一个或者多个三相桥式换流电路(也称为6脉动换流器或6脉动换流阀组)串联或并联构成。两个相差30°的6脉动换流器串联可构成一个12脉动换流器,或称12脉动换流阀组。改变换流阀的触发相位,换流器既可运行于整流状态,也可运行于逆变状态,其中将交流电变换成直流电的称为整流器,将直流电变换成交流电的称为逆变器。整流器与逆变器设备基本相同,统称为换流器。本规范中出现的“阀组”如无特殊说明则专指12脉动换流阀组。
2.0.2换流阀converter valve
直流输电系统中为实现换流所用的三相桥式换流器中作为基本单元设备的桥臂,又称单阀。现代直流输电采用的半导体换流阀是半导体电力电子元件串(并)联组成的桥臂主电路及其合装在同一个箱体中的相应辅助部分的总称。
2.0.3二重阀double valve unit
对于一个12脉动阀组接线,12脉动阀组由2个6脉动阀组串联组成,一个6脉动阀组每相又由2个换流阀臂构成,结构上每相2个阀臂紧密连接在一起组成的阀塔称为二重阀。
2.0.4四重阀quadruple valve unit
对于一个12脉动阀组接线,12脉动阀组由2个6脉动阀组串联组成,一个6脉动阀组每相又由2个换流阀臂构成,结构上每相4个阀臂紧密连接在一起组成的阀塔称为四重阀。
2.0.5晶闸管阀thyristor valve
由晶闸管元件及其辅助设备组成的半导体换流阀。
2.0.6阀厅valve hall
安装换流阀的建筑物。它是换流站中的主要建筑物。换流站阀厅布置一般以12脉动换流器单元为单位,一个阀厅布置一个换流器单元的换流桥和相关设备。
2.0.7高端阀厅high voltage valve hall
当换流站极由2个12脉动换流器单元串联而成时,安装靠近极线换流器单元的换流桥和相关设备的建筑物。
2.0.8低端阀厅low voltage valve hall
当换流站极由2个12脉动换流器单元串联而成时,安装靠近中性线换流器单元的换流桥和相关设备的建筑物。
2.0.9换流站辅助设施
auxiliary facilities of converter station
保证换流站主设备正常工作所需的其他设施,主要包括站用电系统、换流阀冷却系统、阀厅空调系统、消防设施和接地网等。
2术语和符号
2.1术语
2.1.1运营隧道tunnel in operation
建成并投人正常使用的隧道。
2.1.2设计使用年限design service life
工程设计文件规定的目标使用年限。
2.1.3使用条件operational conditions
隧道及其结构在运营期间所受到的荷载作用和环境作用。
2.1.4服役状态service state
运营隧道结构、设备符合预定设计性能的水平,可用性能指标来表征。
2.1.5隧道结构大修overhaul of tunnel structure
在隧道主体结构不变的情况下,对服役性能处于“危险”等级的结构按原设计要求进行的修复。
2.1.6隧道道路面层大修overhaul of tunnel road pavement
对服役性能处于“危险”等级的道路面层,按原设计要求进行的修复。
2.1.7隧道机电设施大修overhaul of tunnel M&E facilities
对服役性能处于“危险”等级的设备及系统大部分进行更换或修复,满足各设备、系统的既定功能和精度。
2.1.8工程项修engineering item repair
根据工程或设备的基本情况,对状态“恶化”已难以达到原设计要求的部件或设施进行针对性维修,从而恢复所修部分的性能与精度。
备案号:J12847-2022 浙江省工程建设标准
DBJ
DBJ33/T1105-2022 民用建筑可再生能源应用核算标准
Accounting Standard for Renewable Energy Application of Civil Building
2022-06-23发布 2022-10-01施行
浙江省住房和城乡建设厅发布
2术语
2.0.1可再生能源renewable energy
从自然界获取的、可以再生的非化石能源,包括太阳能、风能、水能、生物质能、地热能、空气源和海洋能等。
2.0.2太阳辐照度solar irradiance
单位时间内在单位采光面积上所照射到的太阳辐射量,单位为W/m2e
2.0.3太阳辐照量solar irradiation
一定时间内在单位采光面积上所照射到的太阳辐射量,单位为M/(m2a)、MW/(m2m)、MW/(m2d、MW/(m2-h)等。
2.0.4集热器总面积gross collector area
集热器采光平面上包括外壳边框在内接收太阳辐射的最大投影面积,单位为m2。
2.0.5太阳能保证率solar fraction
由太阳能提供的热量占系统总供热量的百分率。
2.0.6太阳能热水系统solar water heating system
将太阳能转换为热能以制取热水并输送至各用户所必须的完整系统,通常包括太阳能集热器、热交换设施、储水设施、循环泵、连接管路、智能控制系统、辅助热源设施、高温高压散热设施和定压补液设施等。
2.0.7空气源热泵热水系统air-source heat pump water heating system
利用热泵原理,以消耗一部分电能为补偿,通过热力循环,把空气中的低温热能吸收进来,经过压缩机压缩后转化为高温热能,加热水温的热水系统。
2.0.8太阳能光伏发电系统solar photovoltaic(PV)system
利用太阳能电池的光伏效应将太阳辐射能直接转换成电能的发电系统。
2.0.9地源热泵系统ground-source heat pump system
以岩土体、地下水或地表水为低温热源,由水源热泵机组、地热能交换系统、建筑物内系统组成的供热空调系统。根据地热能交换系统形式的不同,地源热泵系统分为土壤源地源热泵系统、地下水地源热泵系统和地表水地源热泵系统。
2.0.10导光管采光系统tubular daylighting system
采集天然光,并经管道传输到室内,进行天然光照明的采光系统。通常由集光器、导光管和漫射器组成。
Ferromagnetism and its photo-induced effect in 2D iron mixed-valence plex coupled with photochromic spiropyran*
I. Kashima M. Okubo Y. Qno M. Itoi N. Kida M. Hikita M. Enomoto N. Kojima*
Gradate School of Arts and Scrences The U/niversity of Tokgo Komabe 3-8-7 Meguro-ka Tokyo /53-8902 Japan
Abstract
Iron mixed-valence plex (n-C;H)N[FeFe(dto)s] (dto = COS) shows a spin-entropy driven phase transition called charge transferphase transition around 120 K and a ferromagnetic transition at 6.5 K. These phase transitions remarkably depend on the hexagonal ring size in two-dimensional honeyb network structure of [FeF(dto)] In order to cotrol the magnetic properties and the electronic state in the(SP)[FeFe(dto) ] (SP=spiropyram) and investigated the photo-induced effect on the magnetic peoperties by the mesurements of magnetic do-bridged iron mixed-valence system by means of photo-irradiation we have synthesized a photo-sensitive organicinorganic hybrid system suscepibility ESR IR UVvis andFe Misbar stra. Upon UV iadiation at 337 nm abroad aboption band betwen 50 nm and 600 nm appears and continuously increases with the photo-iradiation time which implies that the UV iradiation changes the structure of spiropyran fromclsed fom to pen one in solid state. Te photohromism in spiropyran changes the femagnetic transition tmperature and the coercive fre. 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keyonds: Magnetic measurements; Magnetic phase transition
1. Introduction
nated by six S atoms and six O atoms respectively. In theFellI(S = 5/2) and Fel(S = 0) sites are coordinated by six O atoms lower temperature phase (T H)N* cation layers are intercalated between twon= 3 and 4 is diamagnetic low spin state. In the case of n=4 two ferromagnetic phases with Tc =6 K and Tc = 13 K coexist which correspond to the ferromagnetic phases in the lower andhigher temperature phases respectively.
Transition metal plexes with d*d? configuration havea possibility of spin transition berween a low-spin state and ahigh-spin state. In the case of mixed-valence plexes whose undergoes the charge transfer phase transition between 200 Kthat new types of conjugated phenomena coupled with spin andsitiondoesnot take place for (n-CH1)N[FF(dto)] charge take place between neighboring metal ions in order tominimize the free energy in the whole system [1].
Recently wehave discovered a new type of phase transitionaround 120 K for (n-CH))N[FellFe(dto)s] (dto= COS2) where the thermally induced charge transfer between Fell and[FelFe(dto)3] layers [3]. In the higher temperature phase (T > 120 K) the Fe(S = 1/2) and Fe(S= 2) sites are coordi-
depend on the size of intercalated cation which implies a pos- As mentioned above these phase transitions remarkablyhoneyb network structure of [FeFe(dto)s]c by means sibility to control the magnetic properties of two-dimensionalof the isomerization of intercalated cation From this viewpoint we have synthesized a photo-sensitive organicinorganic hybrid
Scheme 1. Photochromism of cationic spiropyran (SP-R).
system (SP)[FelFe(dto)1 (SP =spiropyran) and investigatedmedium of photo-isomerization of spiropyran. In connection the photo-induced effect on the magnetic properties through thephotochromic properties of SP have been largely investi- with this the following should be mentioned. Althoughcationic pyrido-spiropyrans were found to show photochromism gated photochromic SP in solid state is very rare. Recently twoin the crystalline state [5]. Soon after an organicinorganichybrid plex (SP)MnCr(ox)3-HO was synthesized and was found to show photochromism in the crystalline state[6].
In this paper we report the synthesis of photo-sensitiveorganicinorganic hybrid plexes (SP-R)[FeFe(dto)s](Me) ethyl (Et) propyl (Pr) the photo-isomerization of SP-R (SP-R =cationic spiropyran shown in Scheme 1 R=methylproperties by the measurements ofmagnetic susceptibility ESR in the solid state and the photo-induced effect on the magneticIR UVvis and 7Fe Mossbauer sectra.
R*: Scheme 1) and the two-dimensional honeyb network (SP-R)[FelF(dto) ] consists of acationic spiropyran (SP.structure of [FelFel(dto)3] (Scheme 2). In general the cationic spiropyran is converted from the yellow colored closedform (CF) to the red colored open form (OF) upon the irradia-tion of UV-light (330370 nm) at room temperature. The open form is usually less stable and returns to the closed form boththermally and photochemically (500600 nm) in solution. How- ever as mentioned later the open form of SP-R is stable in(SP-R)(FEllFell(dto)s)]
Scheme 2 Schematic representation of [FEeFel(dto)s]
2. Experimental
3. Results and discussion
(SP-R)[FellFelI(dto)3] was synthesized as fllows. (SP-R)Iwas obtained as yellow powdered crystals according to Ref. [5]. A solution FeCl-4HO and (SP-R)I in a methanolwatermixture of 3:2 ratio was stirred. To this a solution of KBa[Fe(dto)3 ]3HO in a methanolwater mixture was added.In this way (SP-R)FeFe(dto)s] was obtained as black col-ored precipitate.
The static magnetic susceptibility was measured by a Quan-zero field could magnetization (ZFCM) and fields could mag- tum Design MPMS5 SQUID susceptometer under 5000 Oe. Thenetization FCM) were also measured for the investigation of the ferromagnetic phase in the temperature range of 235 Kunder 30 G. The remnant magnetization (RM) was measured10 mg was wrapped in polyethylene film and held in a plastic in the same temperature under zero field. Powdered sample ofstraw. The magnetic susceptibility obtained was corrected for the background and the core diamagnetism estimated from Pascal’sconstants.
In the case of 57Fe Mossbauer sectroscopic measuremet 5CoinRhwasusedat29KasaMosbauer urcehspetawere calibrated by using the six lines of a body-centered cubic iron foil (α-Fe) the center of which was taken as zero isomershift. The hyperfine parameters were obtained by least-squaresfitting to Lorentzian line shapes.
The ESR spectra were measured by a JEOL JES-TES-300spectrometer in the temperature range of 4300 K. The field was swept in the range of G.
(SP-Et)[FelFelI(dto)3] upon UV inradiation (337 nm). When Fig. 1 shows the electronic absorption spectral change ofthe UV light isiradiated for SP-Et)[FellFell(dto)s] in KBr
Fig. 1. Poto-inuced aortion spetrum of (SPE) FFl(do) in KBrpellet at 298 K upon UV irradiation (337 nm). The power of UV iradiation is 4 mW.
appears around 550 nm which corresponds to the = tran- pellet at 298 K a new absorption spectrum with wide half-widthintensity of the absorption spectrum around 550 nm increases sition in the open form of SP-R. As shown in Fig. 1 thewith increasing photo-irradiation time which implies that thephoto-isomerization of SP-Er takes place at room tempera- ture in solid stateof (SP-Et)[Fe(d)The poto-inducedabsorption spectrum around 550 nm does not decrease thermallytakes place for the crystalline state of (SP-R)[Fee(dto)s] and photochemically. The photo-isomerization of SP-R* also(R = Me and Pr).
In the case of SP-Pr the spin configurations of Fe and Felperatures between 300 K and 2 K which was confirmed by 57Fe are S= 1/2 and S= 2 respectively at the whole measuring tem-Mossbauer spectroscopy. The spin configuration of Fel(S = 1/2)(-CH)N[FelFedto)] and undergoes the feromagnetic and Fel(S =2) corresponds to the higher temperature phase oftransition at8 K. The coercive force is 4550 Gat2 K. In this crys- tal any photo-induced effect on the magnetic properties was notobserved which implies that the higher temperature phase isquite stable.
In the case of SP-Et the remnant magnetization curve (RM)decreases stepwise at 8 K with increasing temperature and then it disappears at 2 K. The zero field magnetization curve (ZFCM) on the other hand has two maxima at 7K and 20K. These netic phases. From the analysis of Fe Mossbauer spectra it iselucidated thathehighertemperature phase withF(S=1/2) and Fe(S= 2) and the lower temperature one with F(S=5/2)phases in (SP-Ex)[FeFe(dto)] undergo the feromagnetic and Fe(S = 0) coexist. The higher and the lower temperaturephase transitions with Tci = 22 K and Tc2 = 8 K respectively.while Tc2 changes from 8 K to 12K. The coercive force at 2 K After the UV irradiation (337 nm) Tc1 remains unchanged changes from 3800 G to 8400 G after the UV irradiation whichis shown in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Hysteresis loops of (SP-Et[FelF(do)s] at 2 K before () and afer (O) UV irradiation (337 nm). The UV was irradiated at 298 K.
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
(RM) decreases stepwise at 5 K with increasing tempera- In the case of SP-Me the remnant magnetization curveture and then it disappears at 2 K. The zero field magne-ima at 5 K and 21 K. These magnetization curves imply the tization curve (ZFCM) on the other hand has two max-ofFe Mossbauer spectra it is elucidated that the higher coexistence of two ferromagnetic phases. From the analysistemperature phase with Fe(S= 1/2) and Fe(S=2) and the lower temperature one with Fe(S= 5/2) and Fe(S=0) coex-ist at the whole measuring temperatures between 300 K and2 K. The higher and the lower temperature phases in (SP- Et)[FF(dto)s] undergo the ferromagnetic phase transi-UV irradiation (337 nm). the peak of ZFCM at 5 K disap- tions with Tc =22 K and Tc2=5 K respectively. After thepears which means that the mixed ferromagnetic phases withthe higher temperature phase (Tci = 22 K) and the lower tem- perature phase (Tc2 =5 K) can be converted to the singleferromagnetic phase of Te=17K due to the higher tempera- ture phase through the medium of the photo-isomerization ofSP-Me*.
Iron mixed-valence plex (nCyH)N[FlFel(dto)](dto=COS2) shows a new type of phase transitiona ferromagnetic transition at 6.5K. These phase transi- called charge transfer phase transition around 120K andtions remarkably depend the size of cation intercalated between the two-dimensional honeyb network layers of [FelFe(dto)s]c. In order to control the magnetic proper-ties and the electronic state in the dto-bridged iron mixed- valence system by means of photo-irradiation we have syn-(SP)[FeFe(do)s] (SP=spiropyran) and investigated the thesized a photo-sensitive organicinoeganic hybrid system photo-induced effect on the magnetic properties through themedium of photo-isomerization of spiropyran. When the UV light (337nm) is iradiated for (SP-R)[FeFl(dto)](R=Me Et Pr) in KBr pellet at 298K a new absorp- tion spectrum appears around 550 nm. corresponding to theπ* transition in the open form of SP-R* which impliesthe open one takes place at room temperature in the crys- that photo-isomerization of SP-R from the closed form totalline state of (SP-Me)[FelFel(dto)s1 The photochromism in spiropyran changes the ferromagnetic transition tem-perature and the coercive force for (SP-R)[FellFel(dto)]mixed ferromagnetic phases with the higher temperature (R= Me Et). In the case of (SP-Me)[FellFel(dto)s]. thephase and the lower temperature phase is converted to the single ferromagnetic phase due to the higher temperaturephase through the medium of the photo-isomerization ofSP-Me*.
This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for ScientificResearch and a Grant-in-Aid from 21st Century COE (Center of Excellence) Program (Research Center for Integrated Science)
Technology Japan. from the Ministry of Education Culture Sports Science and
[3] M. Itoi A. Taira M Enomoto N. Matsushita N. Kojuma Y. Kobayashi K. Asai K. Koyama T. Nakano Y. Uwatoko JI. Yamaura Solid State[4] M. Itoi N. Kojima Y. Kobayashi K. Asai MoL. Ctyst. Liq. Cryst. 379 Commun. 130 (2004) 415420.[5] S. Benard P: Yu Adv. Mater. 12 (2000) 4850. (2002) 377382.[6] S. Benard E Rivtere P Yu K. Nakatani JF. Delouis Chem Mater. 13 (2001) 159162.
References
[1| T. Nakamoto Y. Miyazaki M. hoi Y. Ono N. Kojina M. Sorai Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40 (2001) .[2] N. Kojima W. Aoki M. Btoi Y. Ono M. Seto Y. Kobayashi Yu. Maeda. Solid Stale Commun. 120 (2001) 165170.
Japan IRSIDGroue USINOR BP30320 57283MaiziereslMetz Frane and Dparmet fMaterials Science and Engineering McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada L8S 4L7
Receled 2 December J9; accepted 26 Jarry 2000)
AbstraetThe kinetic transition between partitioned and unpartitioned growth of proeutectoid ferrte has been stuadied for high-purity FeCMn and FeCNi alloys and for temperatures just above the eutectoid.These resuls (and crain rsults of previous stigatins) are cmpared with cmptd paaquilbrim and equilibrium temary phase diagrams and it is shown that the transition ocurs well within the para- p s jo s p so d qulibeium o-phase regions but signifcantly otside the lmit pdicted by the lcal quibrium analsisforce is due to substitutional solute diffusion within the moving interfaoe. The oquilbrium binding energies inferred that both Mn and Ni exert a drag on the moving ferritelaustenite interfaces and that this dragof each of the substitutional solutes to the boundary are expected to be of order RT. 20 Ach Mef fwrgica Inc Publishend by Elsevier Science Lid. Aff righrs reserred.
the moving z/ interface is assumed and the diffu-solved for the interface velocity. The choice of sion equations for solute transport in austenite areassumption concerning the behavior of the substitu- tional alloying element is then critical in distinguish-ing among the different approaches.If the substitutional solute (X) is presumed also to be inlocal equilibrium the large difference in diffusion coefficients of the two solutes requires either thatthe far-field concentration of X in austenite be thesame as that in the product ferrite or that the rate of ferrite growth be controlled by the diffusion ofponent X. This divides the isothermal section of the ternary diagram into two regions as noledby Kirkaldy and co-workers [1 4] with the region of higher supersaturation characterized by rapidpartitioned growth. The boundary between the two unpartitioned growth and a second region by slowdzjo pn q ssaustenite-stabilizing substitutional alloying element tition" [4] as shown schematically in Fig 1 for ansuch as Mn or Ni.
The kinetics of the formation of ferrite from auste- nite is one of the most important determinants ofthe microstructure of stees. It has been clear for many years that the velocity of the ×/ interface isstrongly influenced (most often retarded) by thepresence of alloying elements such as Mn and Ni. However although this problem has been the objectof numerous experimental and theoretical studies [112] a quantitative explanation of alloying el-ement effects has proven somewhat elusive.
The approach most monly employed hasbeen to pare the results of isothermal growthexperiments with theories which are ternary or mul- tiponent extensions of the binary local-equili-brium analysis first presented by Zener [13]. In these treatments a (local) equilibrium for carbon at
A consequence of the local equilibrium treatmentof non-partitioned growth (LE-NP) would be the existence of a thin “spike" of solute X in the auste-been observed however (e.g. Ref. [11]) that the nite just ahead of the interface. It has frequently
Fig. 1. Schematic relation among the isothermal equib- brium paraequilibrium and local equilibrium non-parti-tioning boundaries for the system FeCX where X is an austenite-stabilizing suhstitutional alloying element.
thickness of this profile as estimated from volumediffusion coefficients in austenite would be less thanatomic dimensions for most cases investigated.
An alternative approach first postulated byassumes that the substitutional solute is lefl essem- Hultgren [2] and developed in detail by Hillert [3] tially undisturbed by the passage of the interface and that tbe interstitial carbon is in a form of con-strained local equilibrium in which the chemical po- tential of the mobile solute is continuous throughthis constraint gives rise to a type of equilibrium the interface. Minimizing the free energy subject totermed paraequilibrium (PE); it is as accessible toputation as is full equilibrium [5 14]. Under the assumption of paraequilibrium the region wherethan expected from the LE-NP approach unpartitioned growth is expected is somewhat larger sesuggested by Fig 1.
Several reports of experimental investigations offerrite growth from FeCMn austenites (e.g. Refs
Fig. 2. A schematic representation of the solute drag forceas a function of interface velocity [12]. The local chemical force for ferite grouth is also shown; a solutien isobtained at the intersection of the two functions.
[4 5]) have indicated that the transformation at low supersaturation generally proceeds at rates fasterthan those predicted by LE-P theory. However observed rates are slower than those predicted byXouedsp sig u suonesudns soqq 1e 3dhas been accounted for in part by Enomoto and Aaronson who invoke fast interfacial transport asa mechanism for transporting Mn from the growing ferrite (the rejecter plate mechanism [8]). Growth atparaequilibrium model has been attributed by rates considerably less than that predicted by theeffect (SDLE) as originally proposed by Kinsman Bradley and Aaronson [9] to a solute-drag-likeand Aaronson [10].
of the solute-drag model as formulated by Cahn Purdy and Brechet [12] considered the applicationtutional element through the transformation inter- [15] to the problem of the distribution of the substi-face.This efeet is represented schematicall in
Fig. 3. Substitutionl solute profles through the inteface fo an stenite-stabilizing alloying elmentcorresponding to: (a) a low relative velocity (VA/D 1).
Table 1. Compositioe of alloys stodied (mass%)
Alloy Mn N C2.08 0.095B D C 389 2.17 3.93 0.120 0.237 0.217266 2.42 0.196 620
Fig. 2 in which the dependence of the solute dragforce with interface velocity is pared with the local chemical driving force (also shown as a func-tion of interface velocity). Their intent was to inves- tigate theoretically a continuum of possible kineticmodynamic limits defined by the LE-NP and PE states (for unpartitioned growth) between the ther-models. This approach suggests that the kinetic boundary between fast and slow transformationshould be located between the PE and LE-NP limits; it is not a simple matter to predict the preciselocation of this experimental boundary however.Neither the interaction energies of the solutes with the interphase boundary nor the cross-boundarydiffusion coefficients for the substitutional solutes are well established. Figure 3 represents a series ofputed solute profiles through a transformation interface for a solute (like Mn) that partitions tothe parent phase. At higher dimensionless velocities [Fig. 3(c)] the profile flattens as the interfaceapproaches a paraequilibrium state. Enomoto [16] has extended this model to include an energy of in-teraction between substitutional and interstitialsolutes in the vicinity of the boundary an effect dis- cussed by Purdy and Brechet [12] but not explicilytaken into account in their analytical approach.
In a recent contribution [17] the PurdyBrechetapproach has been applied in semi-quantitative aSupnxqSudqwith the maximum solute drag force. If the avail- able chemical driving force is less than the maxi-will be dominated by the solute drag term. mum solute drag it is likely that the transformationApplication of this concept yielded reasonablesoluteboundary interaction energies for the system Fe-CMo [17].
precisely as possible the experimental boundary The purpose of the present work is to define asbetweenpartitioned growth regimes in high purity FeCMn and Fe- and unpartitionedferriteCNi alloys at temperatures near the eutectoid and to pare these results with puted equilibriumand paraequilibrium isothermal phase diagrams.Both equilibrium and paraequilibrium diagrams were puted [14] with the aid of a moderm data-buse (FEDAT) obtained from ThermoCale AB. Manganese was chosen as one of the most -monly used alloying elements in steels. Nickel which has an austenite stabilizing effect similar tothat of Mn but which has an opposite sign of inter-
Fig. 4. The location of the alloy positions relative to an isothermal section (700°C) for the Fe-CMn system.The puted paraequilibrium and LE-NP boundary (broken line) are also shown.
action with carbon in solution was chosen for - parison.
2. EXPERIMENTAL
A number of experimental termary alloys wereprepared by are-melting zone refined iron and high- purity alloying elements to yield the positionsshown in Table 1. The alloys were analyzed afterfound to contain < 0.005 wt% N and < 0.002 wt%sections of the ternary FeCMn and FeCNi O. The alloy positions are shown on isothermalequilibrium diagrams in Figs 4 and 5. The ingots were sealed in silica capsules and homogenized formore than a week at 1000°C checked for homogen- eity using electron microprobe analysis then cutinto small specimens (~ 10 × 5 × 2 mm?) austeni- Fig. 5. A puted 700°C isothemm for the Fe-CNi sys-tem. Table 2. Ferite growth data Estimated ferie fctin afr I h (%) Grovth rate at 700C (m/s2)() du] 740 730 720 710 700 670A 3 20廿 65 40 × 10-0 3 0 < 1 18 4.8 × 10- 3. RESULTS tized and isothermally reacted in temperature-stabil- ized salt baths. Other samples were analyzed usingdifferential thermal analysis under an argon atmos-phere employing continuous cooling rates ranging from 10 to 20°C/s. The resulting microstructureswere analyzed using optical metallographic tech- niques. structures and thermal histories in Figs 68. The kinetic results are presented as typical micro-Estimated growth rates for grain-boundary ferritemates of the fraction of ferrite formed after 1 h at allotriomorphs are given in Table 2 along with esti- Fig. 6. Microstructures and thermal histories of typical FeCMn alloys The isothermal sections areshown for the isothermal reaction temperatures: (a) alloy B 700°C; (b) alloy B 670C. Fig. 7. Microstructures and themmal histories for Fe-CNi alloys: (a) alloy F 720°C; (b) alloy F.700°C. temperature. A clear kinetic boundary between par-titioned and unpartitioned growth is evident. Figure 8 shows a result characteristic of doubleheat treatments for temperatures above and below the partitioning transition. A well-defined exper-imental boundary between partitioned and unparti- tioned growth is shown in Figs 9 and 10 whichpare the experimentally determined boundarywith puted LE-NP and PE limits for FeCMn and FeCNi alloys. The results of the continuous-cooling differential thermal analyses are also shown in Figs 9 and 10. 4.DISCUSSION Our main observation is this the experimental envelope of unpartitioned growth is seen to lie sig-nificantly beyond the puted LE-NP region but well within the PE region in each case. Other simi-lar results obtained by Aaronson and co-workers [7 9] are consistent with this result. For example fora 0.11 w1% C3.28 w1% Ni alloy Aaronson andbetween 700 and 717°C; for a stee containing Domian [7] determined that the transition lay0.37 wt% C and 3.04 wt% Ni the boundary lay between 684 and 700°C. In each of these cases theexperimental transition lies outside the puted LE-NP region. This kinetic transition is quite well defined asof growth. The double heat treatments (Fig. 8) indicated by the mierostructures and estimated ratesfurther demonstrated that the envelope is in some