本书主要内容为水和污水物弹化学性质方面的基本参数、水力学基础理论知识、给水排水系铣水力计算所这需的基本公式、有关系数的各种费达式和大量计算用铺助图卷等，并注度介绍一些新的研究成果及电子计算机在水力针算中应用技术。还通过大量例面的实际运算，使读者正确运用、加深领会和车因拳提书中所提供的公式、参数、系数及共国表。
本书可供给水排水、环境保护等专业的科技人员以及大专院校师生整考。

1 GENERAL............................................................................................................................1
1.1 SCOPE.................................................................................................................................1
1.2 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY........................................................................................................2
1.2.1 Aims of structural design .............................................................................................. 2
1.2.2 Design responsibility and assumptions ......................................................................... 2
1.2.3 Structural system, integrity and robustness................................................................... 3
1.2.4 Overall stability............................................................................................................. 3
1.2.5 Limit state design ......................................................................................................... 3
1.2.6 Economy...................................................................................................................... 3
1.2.7 Design working life ....................................................................................................... 3
1.3 REFERENCES .....................................................................................................................4
1.4 GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND DEFINITIONS.......................................................................4
1.4.1 General definitions ....................................................................................................... 4
1.4.2 Structural element definitions........................................................................................ 5
1.4.3 Structural behaviour definitions..................................................................................... 6
1.4.4 Material behaviour definitions ....................................................................................... 7
1.4.5 Section type definitions................................................................................................. 7
1.4.6 Connection definitions .................................................................................................. 8
1.5 MAJOR SYMBOLS ..............................................................................................................8

2 LIMIT STATE DESIGN PHILOSOPHY................................................................................17
2.1 GENERAL.......................................................................................................................... 17
2.1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 17
2.1.2 Simple design ............................................................................................................ 17
2.1.3 Continuous design...................................................................................................... 17
2.1.4 Semi-continuous design ............................................................................................. 17
2.1.5 Design justification by tests ........................................................................................ 17
2.1.6 Performance-based design......................................................................................... 17
2.1.7 Calculation accuracy .................................................................................................. 18
2.1.8 Foundation design...................................................................................................... 18
2.2 LIMIT STATE PHILOSOPHY.............................................................................................. 18
2.3 ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES (ULS)....................................................................................... 19
2.3.1 Limit state of strength ................................................................................................. 19
2.3.2 Stability limit states..................................................................................................... 19
2.3.3 Fatigue....................................................................................................................... 20
2.3.4 Structural integrity and robustness.............................................................................. 23
2.3.5 Brittle fracture............................................................................................................. 26
2.4 SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES (SLS)............................................................................26
2.4.1 Serviceability loads..................................................................................................... 26
2.5 LOADING........................................................................................................................... 26
2.5.1 General...................................................................................................................... 26
2.5.2 Dead and imposed loading......................................................................................... 26
2.5.3 Wind loading .............................................................................................................. 26
2.5.4 Loads from earth and water pressure ......................................................................... 27
2.5.5 Load effects from differential settlement of foundations............................................... 27
2.5.6 Load effects from temperature change ....................................................................... 27
2.5.7 Loads from cranes...................................................................................................... 27
2.5.8 Notional horizontal forces ........................................................................................... 28
2.5.9 Exceptional loads and loads on key elements............................................................. 29
2.5.10 Loads during construction........................................................................................... 29
2.5.11 Loads on temporary works in construction.................................................................. 29
3 MATERIALS....................................................................................................................... 30
3.1 STRUCTURAL STEEL .......................................................................................................30
3.1.1 General...................................................................................................................... 30
3.1.2 Design strength for normal strength steels.................................................................. 31
3.1.3 Design strength for high strength steels...................................................................... 36
3.1.4 Uncertified steel ......................................................................................................... 36
3.1.5 Through thickness properties...................................................................................... 36
3.1.6 Other properties ......................................................................................................... 36
3.2 PREVENTION OF BRITTLE FRACTURE...........................................................................37
3.3 BOLTS ............................................................................................................................... 39
3.3.1 Normal bolts............................................................................................................... 39
3.3.2 High strength friction grip or preloaded bolts............................................................... 39
3.4 WELDING CONSUMABLES .............................................................................................. 39
3.5 STEEL CASTINGS AND FORGINGS................................................................................. 39
3.6 MATERIALS FOR GROUTING OF BASEPLATES............................................................. 39
3.7 MATERIALS FOR COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION............................................................ 39
3.7.1 Concrete .................................................................................................................... 39
3.7.2 Reinforcement............................................................................................................ 39
3.7.3 Profiled steel sheets................................................................................................... 40
3.7.4 Shear studs................................................................................................................ 40
3.8 COLD-FORMED STEEL MATERIAL PROPERTIES........................................................... 40
3.8.1 Mechanical properties ................................................................................................ 40
4 LOAD FACTORS AND MATERIAL FACTORS ..................................................................43
4.1 PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS............................................................................................ 43
4.2 MATERIAL FACTORS .......................................................................................................43
4.2.1 Steel plates and sections............................................................................................ 43
4.2.2 Bolts........................................................................................................................... 44
4.2.3 Reinforcement and concrete in composite design....................................................... 44
4.2.4 Grout for base plates and wall plates.......................................................................... 44
4.3 LOAD FACTORS AND COMBINATIONS...........................................................................44
4.3.1 Load combinations for normal ultimate limit state........................................................ 44
4.3.2 Load combinations for overhead traveling cranes ....................................................... 45
4.3.3 Load combinations for building assessment................................................................ 45
4.3.4 Load combinations for temporary works in construction .............................................. 45
4.3.5 Load combinations for exceptional events .................................................................. 45
4.3.6 Summary of partial load factors .................................................................................. 46
4.3.7 Load combinations for serviceability limit states.......................................................... 46
5 SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES...................................................................................... 47
5.1 GERERAL.......................................................................................................................... 47
5.2 DEFLECTION..................................................................................................................... 47
5.3 WIND-INDUCED VIBRATION............................................................................................. 48
5.3.1 Wind sensitive buildings and structures ...................................................................... 48
5.3.2 Serviceability limit state .............................................................................................. 48
5.3.3 Dynamic structural characteristics .............................................................................. 48
5.3.4 Serviceability criteria for tall buildings ......................................................................... 48
5.3.5 Serviceability criteria for communication and broadcasting towers .............................. 49
5.3.6 Reduction of wind-induced dynamic response ............................................................ 49
5.4 HUMAN INDUCED FLOOR VIBRATION ............................................................................49
5.5 DURABILITY...................................................................................................................... 50
5.5.1 General...................................................................................................................... 50
5.5.2 Types of protection against corrosion ......................................................................... 50
5.5.3 Corrosion from residual stresses ................................................................................ 52
6 DESIGN METHODS AND ANALYSIS ................................................................................53
6.1 METHODS OF ANALYSIS .................................................................................................53
6.2 ANALYSIS MODELS AND ASSUMPTIONS.......................................................................54
6.3 FRAME CLASSIFICATION.................................................................................................54
6.3.1 General...................................................................................................................... 54
6.3.2 Elastic critical load factor............................................................................................ 54
6.3.3 Non-sway frames ....................................................................................................... 55
6.3.4 Sway frames .............................................................................................................. 55
6.3.5 Sway ultra-sensitive frames........................................................................................ 55
6.4 IMPERFECTIONS ..............................................................................................................55
6.4.1 General...................................................................................................................... 55
6.4.2 Frame imperfections................................................................................................... 56
6.4.3 Member imperfections................................................................................................ 56
6.4.4 Elastic critical mode.................................................................................................... 57
6.5 SIMPLE DESIGN................................................................................................................57
6.6 FIRST-ORDER LINEAR ELASTIC ANALYSIS (FIRST-ORDER INDIRECT
ANALYSIS) ........................................................................................................................ 57
6.6.1 General...................................................................................................................... 57
6.6.2 Moment amplification for sway frames........................................................................ 57
6.6.3 Effective length for sway and non-sway frames........................................................... 58
6.6.4 Maximum slenderness ratio........................................................................................ 60
6.7 SECOND-ORDER P--ONLY ELASTIC ANALYSIS (SECOND-ORDER INDIRECT
ANALYSIS) ........................................................................................................................ 60
6.7.1 General...................................................................................................................... 60
6.7.2 Method of analysis ..................................................................................................... 60
6.7.3 Applications and limitations ........................................................................................ 60
6.8 SECOND-ORDER P-- ELASTIC ANALYSIS (SECOND-ORDER DIRECT
ANALYSIS) ........................................................................................................................ 61
6.8.1 General...................................................................................................................... 61
6.8.2 Method of analysis ..................................................................................................... 61
6.8.3 Applications and limitations ........................................................................................ 61
6.9 ADVANCED ANALYSIS.....................................................................................................62
6.9.1 General...................................................................................................................... 62
6.9.2 Method of analysis ..................................................................................................... 62
6.9.3 Applications and limitations ........................................................................................ 62
6.10 BRACING MEMBERS........................................................................................................62
6.11 CONNECTION CLASSIFICATION IN ANALYSIS............................................................... 63
6.11.1 Pinned connections .................................................................................................... 63
6.11.2 Rigid connections....................................................................................................... 63
6.11.3 Semi-rigid connections ............................................................................................... 63
7 SECTION CLASSIFICATION.............................................................................................. 64
7.1 GENERAL.......................................................................................................................... 64
7.2 CLASSIFICATION..............................................................................................................65
7.3 STRESS RATIOS FOR CLASSIFICATION.........................................................................69
7.4 FLANGES OF COMPOUND I- OR H-SECTIONS ............................................................... 70
7.5 EFFECTIVE PLASTIC MODULUS...................................................................................... 71
7.5.1 General...................................................................................................................... 71
7.5.2 I- or H-sections with equal flanges.............................................................................. 71
7.5.3 Rectangular hollow sections ....................................................................................... 71
7.5.4 Circular hollow sections.............................................................................................. 72
7.6 EFFECTIVE WIDTH METHOD FOR SLENDER CROSS-SECTIONS..................................72
7.7 EFFECTIVE STRESS METHOD FOR SLENDER CROSS-SECTIONS............................... 72
7.8 SHIFT OF THE CENTROID OF THE EFFECTIVE CROSS-SECTION.................................73
8 DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS.............................................................................75
8.1 GENERAL.......................................................................................................................... 75
8.2 RESTRAINED BEAMS.......................................................................................................75
8.2.1 Shear capacity ........................................................................................................... 75
8.2.2 Moment capacity........................................................................................................ 76
8.2.3 Beams with web openings.......................................................................................... 77
8.2.4 Castellated beams...................................................................................................... 78
8.3 LATERAL-TORSIONAL BUCKLING OF BEAMS............................................................... 79
8.3.1 Intermediate and end lateral restraints........................................................................ 79
8.3.2 Torsional restraint....................................................................................................... 80
8.3.3 Normal and destabilizing loads ................................................................................... 80
8.3.4 Effective length for lateral-torsional buckling ............................................................... 80
8.3.5 Moment resistance to lateral-torsional buckling........................................................... 82
8.4 PLATE GIRDERS...............................................................................................................89
8.4.1 Design strength.......................................................................................................... 89
8.4.2 Minimum web thickness for serviceability.................................................................... 89
8.4.3 Minimum web thickness to avoid compression flange buckling.................................... 89
8.4.4 Moment capacity of restrained girders ........................................................................ 89
8.4.5 Effects of axial force................................................................................................... 90
8.4.6 Shear buckling resistance........................................................................................... 90
8.4.7 Intermediate transverse web stiffeners ....................................................................... 90
8.4.8 End anchorage......................................................................................................... 105
8.4.9 Panels with openings ............................................................................................... 105
8.4.10 Web capacity and stiffeners design .......................................................................... 105
8.4.11 Other types of stiffeners ........................................................................................... 108
8.4.12 Connections between web stiffeners and webs......................................................... 108
8.4.13 Connections between web stiffeners and flanges...................................................... 108
8.5 BUCKLING RESISTANCE MOMENT FOR SINGLE ANGLE MEMBERS......................... 109
8.6 TENSION MEMBERS.......................................................................................................109
8.6.1 Tension capacity ...................................................................................................... 109
8.6.2 Members with eccentric connections ........................................................................ 109
8.6.3 Single and double angle, channel and T-sections ..................................................... 109
8.6.4 Double angle, channel and T-sections with intermediate connections ....................... 110
8.7 COMPRESSION MEMBERS ............................................................................................ 110
8.7.1 Segment length........................................................................................................ 110
8.7.2 Effective length in general ........................................................................................ 110
8.7.3 Restraints................................................................................................................. 111
8.7.4 Slenderness ............................................................................................................. 111
8.7.5 Compression resistance........................................................................................... 111
8.7.6 Compressive strength............................................................................................... 112
8.7.7 Eccentric connections............................................................................................... 127
8.7.8 Simple construction.................................................................................................. 127
8.7.9 Effective length of sections in triangulated structures and trusses ............................. 127
8.8 TENSION MEMBERS UNDER COMBINED AXIAL FORCE AND MOMENTS.................. 128
8.9 COMPRESSION MEMBERS UNDER COMBINED AXIAL FORCE AND
MOMOENTS..................................................................................................................... 129
8.9.1 Cross-section capacity ............................................................................................. 129
8.9.2 Member buckling resistance..................................................................................... 129
8.10 TORSIONAL AND FLEXURAL-TORSIONAL BUCKLING OF COMPRESSION
MEMBERS ....................................................................................................................... 132
8.11 PORTAL FRAMES...........................................................................................................132
8.11.1 General.................................................................................................................... 132
8.11.2 Elastic design........................................................................................................... 132
8.11.3 Plastic design........................................................................................................... 132
8.11.4 In-plane stability ....................................................................................................... 132
8.11.5 Out-of-plane stability ................................................................................................ 135
8.12 LACED AND BATTENED STRUTS.................................................................................. 139
8.12.1 Laced struts ............................................................................................................. 139
8.12.2 Battened struts......................................................................................................... 139
Appendix 8.1 ............................................................................................................................. 141
Appendix 8.2 ............................................................................................................................. 142
Appendix 8.3 ............................................................................................................................. 143
Appendix 8.4 ............................................................................................................................. 144
9 CONNECTIONS ...............................................................................................................145
9.1 GENERAL........................................................................................................................ 145
9.2 WELDED CONNECTIONS ............................................................................................... 146
9.2.1 Through-thickness tension........................................................................................ 146
9.2.2 Types of welds ......................................................................................................... 146
9.2.3 Weldability and electrodes........................................................................................ 146
9.2.4 Welded connections to unstiffened flanges ............................................................... 146
9.2.5 Strength of welds ..................................................................................................... 147
9.3 BOLTED CONNECTIONS................................................................................................ 154
9.3.1 Bolt spacing ............................................................................................................. 154
9.3.2 End and edge distances ........................................................................................... 154
9.3.3 Hole dimensions....................................................................................................... 155
9.3.4 Sectional area of connected parts............................................................................. 155
9.3.5 Block shear.............................................................................................................. 157
9.3.6 Design strength of bolts under shear and bearing..................................................... 157
9.3.7 Design strength of bolts in tension............................................................................ 161
9.3.8 Combined shear and tension.................................................................................... 162
9.3.9 Bolts combined with welds........................................................................................ 162
9.3.10 Pin connections........................................................................................................ 162
9.3.11 Connections for hollow sections of lattice girders...................................................... 164
9.4 BASEPLATE AND ANCHOR CONSTRUCTION .............................................................. 164
9.4.1 Column base plates.................................................................................................. 164
9.4.2 Anchor bolts for base plates, wall plates and hangers............................................... 165
9.5 STEEL CASTINGS AND FORGINGS...............................................................................167
10 COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION ....................................................................................... 168
10.1 MATERIALS..................................................................................................................... 168
10.1.1 Structural steel ......................................................................................................... 168
10.1.2 Concrete .................................................................................................................. 168
10.1.3 Reinforcement.......................................................................................................... 169
10.1.4 Shear connectors ..................................................................................................... 169
10.1.5 Profiled steel sheets................................................................................................. 169
10.2 COMPOSITE BEAMS.......................................................................................................170
10.2.1 General.................................................................................................................... 170
10.2.2 Analysis of internal forces and moments................................................................... 172
10.2.3 Establishment of composite cross-sections............................................................... 174
10.2.4 Classification of composite cross-sections................................................................ 175
10.2.5 Section capacities and properties of composite cross-sections ................................. 177
10.2.6 Ultimate limit state design......................................................................................... 180
10.2.7 Serviceability limit state design................................................................................. 182
10.3 SHEAR CONNECTION.....................................................................................................186
10.3.1 General.................................................................................................................... 186
10.3.2 Design resistance of shear connectors ..................................................................... 186
10.3.3 Provision of shear connectors................................................................................... 189
10.3.4 Detailing of shear connectors ................................................................................... 191
10.3.5 Transverse reinforcement......................................................................................... 192
10.4 COMPOSITE SLABS WITH PROFILED STEEL SHEETS................................................196
10.4.1 General.................................................................................................................... 196
10.4.2 Form of construction................................................................................................. 196
10.4.3 Limit state design ..................................................................................................... 197
10.4.4 Design of profiled steel sheets in construction stage................................................. 199
10.4.5 Design of composite slabs in composite stage.......................................................... 201
10.4.6 Detailing provisions .................................................................................................. 208
10.4.7 Constructional details ............................................................................................... 210
10.5 COMPOSITE COLUMNS..................................................................................................212
10.5.1 General.................................................................................................................... 212
10.5.2 General method of design ........................................................................................ 213
10.5.3 Simplified method of design...................................................................................... 214
10.5.4 Shear connection and load introduction .................................................................... 225
10.5.5 Detailing provisions .................................................................................................. 228
11 DESIGN OF COLD-FORMED STEEL OPEN SECTIONS, SHEET PROFILES,
HOLLOW SECTIONS AND SHEET PILE SECTIONS ...................................................... 230
11.1 GENERAL DESIGN OF OPEN SECTIONS AND SHEET PROFILES............................... 230
11.2 MATERIAL PROPERTIES................................................................................................ 231
11.2.1 Physical properties................................................................................................... 231
11.2.2 Mechanical properties .............................................................................................. 231
11.3 SECTION PROPERTIES ..................................................................................................232
11.3.1 Gross section properties........................................................................................... 232
11.3.2 Effective section properties under tension................................................................. 233
11.3.3 Effective section properties under compression and bending .................................... 233
11.3.4 Local buckling .......................................................................................................... 233
11.3.5 Flange curling .......................................................................................................... 239
11.4 MEMBERS UNDER LATERAL LOADS............................................................................240
11.4.1 General.................................................................................................................... 240
11.4.2 Moment capacity...................................................................................................... 240
11.4.3 Shear capacity ......................................................................................................... 241
11.4.4 Combined bending and shear................................................................................... 242
11.4.5 Web crushing capacity ............................................................................................. 242
11.4.6 Combined bending and web crushing....................................................................... 246
11.4.7 Lateral buckling........................................................................................................ 247
11.4.8 Calculation of deflection ........................................................................................... 250
11.4.9 Effects of torsion ...................................................................................................... 251
11.5 MEMBERS UNDER AXIAL LOADS ................................................................................. 251
11.5.1 Members under tension............................................................................................ 251
11.5.2 Members under compression ................................................................................... 253
11.5.3 Flexural buckling ...................................................................................................... 253
11.5.4 Flexural-torsional buckling........................................................................................ 256
11.5.5 Combined compression and bending........................................................................ 257
11.6 CONNECTIONS ...............................................................................................................258
11.6.1 General recommendations ....................................................................................... 258
11.6.2 Fastenings with bolts................................................................................................ 258
11.6.3 Fastenings with screws and blind rivets .................................................................... 260
11.6.4 Interconnections in compound members................................................................... 261
11.6.5 Bolted moment connections of compound members................................................. 263
11.7 DESIGN FOR HOLLOW SECTIONS ................................................................................265
11.7.1 General design for hollow sections ........................................................................... 265
11.7.2 Material properties.................................................................................................... 265
11.7.3 Mechanical properties .............................................................................................. 265
11.7.4 Control of external corner profile............................................................................... 265
11.7.5 Welding at cold-formed zones .................................................................................. 266
11.7.6 Cold formed section properties under loading........................................................... 266
11.7.7 Calculation of deflection ........................................................................................... 266
11.7.8 Connections ............................................................................................................. 266
11.8 DESIGN FOR COLD-FORMED SHEET PILE SECTIONS ................................................267
11.8.1 General design for sheet pile sections ...................................................................... 267
11.8.2 Material properties.................................................................................................... 267
11.8.3 Mechanical properties .............................................................................................. 267
11.8.4 Minimum inside radii for cold-formed sheet piles....................................................... 267
11.8.5 Welding at cold-formed zones of cold-formed sheet piles.......................................... 268
11.8.6 Cold-formed section properties under loading........................................................... 268
11.8.7 Calculation of deflection ........................................................................................... 268
12 FIRE RESISTANT DESIGN .............................................................................................. 269
12.1 DESIGN PRINCIPLES......................................................................................................269
12.1.1 Basic requirements of fire resistance for a structure.................................................. 269
12.1.2 Fire exposure........................................................................................................... 269
12.1.3 Fire limit states......................................................................................................... 270
12.1.4 Physical and mechanical properties at elevated temperatures .................................. 270
12.1.5 Material factors and load factors............................................................................... 273
12.2 FIRE RESISTANCE DERIVED FROM STANDARD FIRE TESTS.....................................274
12.2.1 Fire resistances of structural members ..................................................................... 274
12.2.2 Failure criteria for standard fire tests......................................................................... 274
12.3 FIRE RESISTANCE DERIVED FROM LIMITING TEMPERATURE METHOD................... 275
12.4 FIRE RESISTANCE DERIVED FROM PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN
METHODS........................................................................................................................ 276
12.4.1 Basis of analysis ...................................................................................................... 276
12.4.2 Thermal response .................................................................................................... 276
12.4.3 Mechanical response ............................................................................................... 276
12.4.4 Validation of performance-based design methods..................................................... 277
12.4.5 Simplified calculation methods.................................................................................. 277
12.5 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS................................................................................. 277
13 PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN GUIDANCE FOR PARTICULAR TYPES OF
STRUCTURES, INCLUDING GUIDANCE ON GENERAL MAINTENANCE OF
STEEL STRUCTURES.....................................................................................................278
13.1 HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS...................................................................................................278
13.1.1 Structural systems for high-rise buildings.................................................................. 278
13.1.2 Stability issues for high-rise buildings ....................................................................... 278
13.1.3 Considerations for particular details.......................................................................... 278
13.1.4 Considerations for design against extreme events.................................................... 279
13.1.5 Wind engineering for high-rise buildings ................................................................... 279
13.2 GUIDANCE ON DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION TOWERS, MASTS AND CHIMNEYS.......280
13.2.1 Structural systems for transmission towers, masts and chimneys.............................. 280
13.2.2 Overall stability of towers, masts and chimneys ........................................................ 280
13.2.3 Particular details....................................................................................................... 281
13.2.4 Considerations for design against extreme events.................................................... 281
13.2.5 Serviceability issues ................................................................................................. 281
13.2.6 Design issues for steel chimneys.............................................................................. 281
13.2.7 Construction and corrosion protection of steel chimneys........................................... 282
13.2.8 Wind-excited vibrations of circular chimneys............................................................. 282
13.3 GLASS AND FAÇADE SUPPORTING STRUCTURES..................................................... 283
13.3.1 General.................................................................................................................... 283
13.3.2 Deflection limit.......................................................................................................... 283
13.3.3 Requirements........................................................................................................... 283
13.3.4 Loadings and actions ............................................................................................... 284
13.3.5 Tensioning structural systems .................................................................................. 284
13.4 TEMPORARY WORKS IN CONSTRUCTION ...................................................................285
13.4.1 Design philosophy.................................................................................................... 285
13.4.2 Second-order effects................................................................................................ 286
13.4.3 Out-of-plumbness..................................................................................................... 286
13.4.4 Fitness tolerance...................................................................................................... 286
13.4.5 Member imperfections.............................................................................................. 286
13.4.6 Support settlements and flexible supports................................................................. 286
13.4.7 Over-turning............................................................................................................. 286
13.4.8 Tolerance and clearance .......................................................................................... 287
13.4.9 New and used systems ............................................................................................ 287
13.4.10 Module testing.......................................................................................................... 287
13.5 LONG SPAN STRUCTURES............................................................................................ 288
13.5.1 Systems for long span structures.............................................................................. 288
13.5.2 Overall stability of long span structures..................................................................... 288
13.5.3 Particular details....................................................................................................... 288
13.5.4 Considerations for design against extreme events.................................................... 288
13.5.5 Serviceability issues ................................................................................................. 288
13.6 FOOTBRIDGES................................................................................................................289
13.6.1 Design philosophy.................................................................................................... 289
13.6.2 Loads....................................................................................................................... 289
13.6.3 Design for strength, deflection and fatigue................................................................ 289
13.6.4 Vibration................................................................................................................... 291
13.6.5 Bearing design for footbridges.................................................................................. 292
13.7 DESIGN LOADS FROM OVERHEAD RUNWAY CRANES, TOWER AND DERRICK
CRANES AND MOBILE CRANES.................................................................................... 292
13.7.1 Types and classifications of static cranes ................................................................. 292
13.7.2 Design issues for crane support structures ............................................................... 292
13.7.3 Loading from cranes................................................................................................. 292
13.8 GUIDANCE ON MAINTENANCE OF STEEL STRUCTURES...........................................294
13.8.1 General.................................................................................................................... 294
13.8.2 Consideration of maintenance in the original design ................................................. 294
13.8.3 Maintenance of existing structures............................................................................ 295
13.8.4 Health and safety issues on maintenance................................................................. 295
14 FABRICATION AND ERECTION...................................................................................... 296
14.1 DIMENSIONS AND TOLERANCES OF SECTIONS......................................................... 296
14.2 WORKMANSHIP – GENERAL ......................................................................................... 296
14.2.1 Identification............................................................................................................. 296
14.2.2 Handling................................................................................................................... 296
14.2.3 Cutting ..................................................................................................................... 296
14.2.4 Shaping and forming ................................................................................................ 296
14.2.5 Holing ...................................................................................................................... 297
14.2.6 Assembly ................................................................................................................. 298
14.2.7 Curving and straightening......................................................................................... 298
14.2.8 Inspection ................................................................................................................ 298
14.2.9 Storage .................................................................................................................... 299
14.3 WORKMANSHIP – WELDING.......................................................................................... 299
14.3.1 General.................................................................................................................... 299
14.3.2 Welder qualification.................................................................................................. 299
14.3.3 Welding procedure specifications ............................................................................. 299
14.3.4 Assembly ................................................................................................................. 300
14.3.5 Non-destructive testing of parent material................................................................. 301
14.3.6 Non-destructive testing of welds (NDT)..................................................................... 301
14.3.7 Shear stud welding................................................................................................... 308
14.4 WORKMANSHIP – BOLTING........................................................................................... 308
14.4.1 General.................................................................................................................... 308
14.4.2 Ordinary bolted assemblies ...................................................................................... 308
14.4.3 Pre-loaded bolt assemblies ...................................................................................... 310
14.5 WORKMANSHIP – ERECTION ........................................................................................ 311
14.5.1 Erection method statement....................................................................................... 311
14.5.2 Handling and storage ............................................................................................... 311
14.5.3 Damaged steelwork.................................................................................................. 312
14.5.4 Column base plates and slabs.................................................................................. 312
14.5.5 Grouting................................................................................................................... 312
14.5.6 Stability .................................................................................................................... 312
14.5.7 Alignment of part of the structure.............................................................................. 312
14.5.8 Temperature effects ................................................................................................. 312
14.5.9 Site welding.............................................................................................................. 312
14.5.10 Site bolting ............................................................................................................... 312
14.6 PROTECTIVE TREATMENT ............................................................................................ 313
14.6.1 General.................................................................................................................... 313
14.6.2 Materials .................................................................................................................. 313
14.6.3 Surface preparation.................................................................................................. 313
14.6.4 Sprayed metal coatings............................................................................................ 313
14.6.5 Hot-dip galvanizing................................................................................................... 314
14.6.6 Paint treatments....................................................................................................... 314
14.6.7 Inspection and testing............................................................................................... 314
15 ACCURACY OF FABRICATION AND ERECTION........................................................... 315
15.1 GENERAL........................................................................................................................ 315
15.2 PERMITTED DEVIATIONS IN THE CROSS SECTION OF ROLLED COMPONENTS......315
15.3 PERMITTED DEVIATIONS IN COMPONENTS AFTER FABRICATION........................... 316
15.3.1 Squareness of end not prepared for bearing............................................................. 316
15.3.2 Squareness of ends prepared for bearing................................................................. 316
15.3.3 Straightness of both axes or of individual webs of flanges......................................... 316
15.3.4 Length...................................................................................................................... 316
15.3.5 Curved or cambered................................................................................................. 316

ICS31-030
L.90 GB
中华人民共和国国家标准
GB/T11446.1-2013代替GB/T11446.1一1997
电子级水
Electronic grade water

2013-12-31发布 2014-08-15实施
中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局
中国国家标准化管理委员会发布

前言
GB/T11446预计结构如下：
GB/T11446.1电子级水：
GB/T11446.2(待定)：
GB/T11446.3电子级水测试方法通则：
GB/T11446,4电子级水电阻率的测试方法：
GB/T11446.5电子级水中痕量金属的原子吸收分光光度测试方法：
GB/T11446,6电子级水中二氧化硅的分光光度测试方法：
GB/T11446.7电子级水中痕量阴离子的离子色谱测试方法：
GB/T11446.8电子级水中总有机碳的测试方法：
GB/T11446.9电子级水中微粒的仪器测试方法：
GB/T11446.10电子级水中细菌总数的滤膜培养测试方法.
本部分为GB/T11446的第1部分
本部分按照GB/T1.1一2009给出的规则起草
本部分代替GB/T11446.1一1997《电子级水》.
本部分与GB/T11446.1一1997相比，主要有下列变化：
一“3术语和定义”中增加了“离子交换树脂”，“无菌”和“pH”的定义（见第3章）
修改了“5要求"中“EW-Ⅱ”、“EW-Ⅲ”和“EW-N”级水的电阻率指标（见第5章）：
一修订了“5要求”中“EW-I"、“EW-Ⅱ”、“EW-Ⅲ”和“EW-W”级水的微粒数指标（见第5章）：
“5要求”中增加了“铁”和“韶”金属离子及“氟”、“亚硝酸根”和“溴”阴离子的要求和指标（见第5章)：
“6试验方法”中增加了“铁”，“铅”，“氟离子”、“亚硝酸根离子”和“溴离子”的检测方法（见第6章)。
本部分由中华人民共和国工业和信息化部提出。
本部分由中国电子技术标准化研究院归口。
本部分起草单位：信息产业部专用材料质量监督检验中心、中国科学院半导体研究所、中国电子技术标准化研究院、中国电子科技集团公司第圆十六研究所
本部分主要起草人：褚连青，王奕，何秀坤，段曙光，超刘旺、刘筠。
本部分所代替标准的历次板木发布情况为：
GB/T11446.1-1989.GB/T11446.1-1997.

1范围
GB/T11446的本部分规定了电子级水的级别.技术指标要求，试验方法和检验规则，
本部分适用于电子和半导体工业用高纯清洗用水
2规范性引用文件
下列文件对于本文件的应用是必不可少的。凡是注日期的引用文件，仅注日期的版本适用于本文件。凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本（包括所有的修改单）适用于本文件，
GB/T11446.3-2013电子级水测试方法通则
GB/T11446.4一2013电子级水电阻率的测试方法
GB/T11446.5一2013电子级水中痕量金属的原子吸收分光光度测试方法
GB/T11446.6一2013电子级水中二氧化硅的分光光度测试方法
GB/T11446.7-2013电子级水中痕量阴离子的离子色谱测试方法
GB/T11446.8-2013电子级水中总有机碳的测试方法
GB/T11446.9-2013电子级水中微粒的仪器测试方法
GB/T11446.10一2013电子级水细菌总数的滤膜培养测试方法
3术语和定义
下列术语和定义适用于本文件.
3.1
电子级水electronic grade water
电子和半导体工艺过程中所用的高纯水。
3.2
电阻奉resistivity
在规定温度下，1©m'(正立方休)水溶液两相对面之间测得的电阻值。通常用符号P表示，单位为欧姆厘米(D·cm),纯水的理论电阻率为18.3Mn·cm(25℃).
3.3
全硅total silicon
水中可溶性硅和以二氧化硅胶体状态存在的硅的总量，

3.4
可容性硅soluble silicon
以单一分子状态存在于水中的溶解性硅酸盐。
3.5
微粒性物质granular matter
除气体以外，以非液态分散在水中，并形成非均相混合物的物质。

3.6
总有机碳total organic carbon,TOC
水中以各种有机物形式存在的碳的总量。包括易被一般强氧化剂氧化的有机物和需用特殊方法氧化的有机物。
3.7
吸附absorption
某些多孔性粒状物质由于表面活性作用而具有吸着某些物质的现象
3.8
凝聚coagulation
在源水中加人某种电解质后，水中带有电荷的胶体微粒被电解质中的异种电荷中和，从而使其聚集
成较大颗粒面沉降的现象
3.9
絮凝flocculation
水中的微粒在一定条件下相互碰撞而集结为絮状沉淀的现象，絮凝一假是在凝聚作用后缓慢进
行，可除去水中更细的微粒，
3.10
砂滤器sand filter
用于接放不同直径的砂粒，以除去源水中悬浮固体和混浊物的装置。
3.11
活性碳过滤器activated carbon filter
装有粒状语性碳的过波器，用于除去水中的可蒂性有机物和过量的我余氯，
3.12
离子交换ion exchange
一种不溶性物质与一种液体之间相互交换离子的可逆过程，该过程中物质并无实质性结构变化。
3.13
离子交换树脂ion-exchange resin
一种合成的有机离子交换材料，

4分和标记
4.1分类
电子级水分为四个级别：I级，Ⅱ级，Ⅲ级和V级.
4.2标记
I级电子级水标记为：EW-I。
Ⅱ级电子级水标记为：EW-Ⅱ，
Ⅲ级电子级水标记为：EW-Ⅲ。
V级电子级水标记为：EW-V。

目 录
一、编制依据
二、工程概况
三、人员配备
四、施工准备
五、主要的施工流程及安装方法
（一）工艺安装部分
（二）设备安装部分
（三）电气及仪表安装调试部分
（四）钢结构制作及安装
六、进度保证措施
七、质量保证措施
八、安全措施
九、应急处理预案

一、编制依据
1、施工图纸
2、技术协议及合同
3、现行相关的国家标准、规范
《现场设备工业管道焊接施工验收》 GB50236-2011
《施工现场临时用电安全技术规范》 JGJ46-2016
《石油化工施工安全技术规程》 SH3505-2016
《工业金属管道施工及验收规范》 GB50235-2017
《石油化工有毒、可燃介质钢制管道工程施工及验收规范》SH3501-2017
《石油化工阀门检验与管理规程》 SH3518-2013
《石油化工设备和管道涂料防腐蚀设计规范》 SH3022-2017
《石油化工工程建设交工技术文件规定》 SH3503-2017
《石油化工建设工程项目施工过程技术文件规定》 SH3543-2017
《工业设备及管道绝热工程施工及验收规范》 GB 50264-2013
《钢结构工程施工质量验收规范》 GB50205-2017
《机械设备安装工程施工及验收通用规范》 GB50231-2017
《现场设备工业管道焊接施工验收》 GB50236-2011
《压缩机、风机、泵安装工程施工质量验收规范》 GB50275-2010
《化工设备吊耳及工程技术要求》 HG21574-2018
《大型设备吊装工程施工工艺标准》 SH/T3515-2016
《石油化工机器设备安装工程施工及验收通用规范》 SH/T3538-2017
《自动化仪表工程施工及验收规范》 GB50093-2016
《电气装置安装工程电缆线路施工及验收规范》　 GB50168-2018
《火灾自动报警系统施工及验收规范》 GB50166-2019
《爆炸和火灾危险环境电力装置安装施工及验收规范》 GB50257-2016
《建筑电气工程施工质量验收规范》 GB50303-2019
《电气装置安装工程1KV及以下配线工程施工及验收规范》 GBJ147-2010
《电气装置安装工程电气设备交接试验标准》 GB50150-2019
《电气装置安装工程接地装置施工及验收规范》 GB50169-2018
《电气装置安装工程盘、柜及二次回路接线施工及验收规范》 GB50171-2018
《电气装置安装工程接地装置施工及验收规范》 GB50169-2018
4、**********安装有限公司《安全、环境与健康管理手册》、《安全、环境与健康管理程序文件》和《安全、环境与健康管理作业文件》
5、***********安装有限公司《质量手册》和《质量体系程序文件》
6、本公司多年来同类工程施工工程管理经验
二、工程概况
1、工程名称：**************项目安装工程。
2、工程地点：*******************。
3、参建单位：
建设单位：*******************
监理单位:********************
设计单位：********************
施工单位：*******************
4、工程范围及工期
水解、精馏及硫酸浓缩项目，空压站项目、初期雨水及事故水池、原料及成品罐区、污水处理系统、等技改项目的全部安装工程。
开竣工日期：***年月日，竣工日期：****年月日竣工。
5、质量要求：质量标准优良。
6、本方案适用于*******公司*************设备设施技改项目。
7、HSE管理目标：
（1）全员入场HSE培训率100％；
（2）健康（H）目标：无疾病流行，无辐射损害人身健康，无职业病发生；
（3）安全（S）目标：人身伤亡事故为零；重大设备、交通事故、施工质量事故为零；重大火灾、爆炸、中毒、机械设备事故为零；减少一般事故，轻伤事故发生频率≤2人/100万工时；
（4）环境（E）目标：最大限度保护生态环境，无重大环境破坏和环境污染事故，废水、废气、废渣、噪音达标排放，满足施工期间环境保护要求，节约能源，顾客投诉率为零。
8、质量管理目标
（1）全部施工项目符合规范、业主的要求，达到投用一次成功。
（2）主要质量指标：
单位工程质量合格率100％；
主体安装工程优良率95％以上；
允许项目测点合格率100％；
焊接一次合格率达95％以上；
投入的原材料、设备、配件合格率100%；
实现试水、试运一次成功，工程质量确保优良。
9、进度管理目标：
（1）根据招标文件对工期的要求，施工中应服从建设单位的协调和调度。科学组织，总体协调，确保该工程项目施工任务按期完成。
（2）顾客满意度目标：95%
（3）合同履约率目标：100%（非我公司原因造成的未能正常如期履约的除外）
三、人员配备
本公司将把本工程作为公司工作的重点，派有经验、有权威的领导组建项目经理部，配备相应的人员，公司在人力、机具、资金等方面首先保证该工程。
本工程的施工组织机构
1、组织机构设置原则：
（1）该工程是化工工程，焊接质量要求高，我公司将其列入2023年的重点项目进行重点管理。按照项目法施工，选择优秀的具有类似工程施工经验的一级项目经理作为本项目的项目经理。
（2）根据本工程的特点和需要，项目部将在全公司范围内选派经验丰富的施工技术管理人员组成项目班子，包括项目技术负责人、项目副经理及生产技术、质量、安全、预算、财务、材料、机械、后勤、保卫等职能人员，负责从施工准备、工程施工、质量安全监督、工程预结算至工程回访维修等工作，对业主实行全面负责。
（3）公司总部由一位副总经理担任该项目的总指挥，协调全公司的人员、机具、材料等施工资源，以保证项目施工的协调运转。
2、项目管理人员的配备原则：
（1）人员工作扎实、专业技术精湛、有丰富的施工管理经验，同时具有相类似工程施工的管理经验；
（2）责任心强，能服从业主和监理的管理，并在以往工作中有良好表现；年富力强、精力充沛，并具有吃苦耐劳精神。
3、本项目的施工组织机构：
（1）根据本工程的特点，我们将组织富有经验、曾参加过类似项目施工的管理人员组成项目经理部，由公司副总经理担任该项目的总指挥，下设五个部门，即工程技术部、质量安全部、物资供应部、经营财务部、总调度室，统一指挥施工生产，同时，公司总部作为项目经理部的强大后盾，积极做好人员、机械、材料等方面的保障。
项目管理班子配备

答疑：拆除含龙骨的天花废料外运这个厚度如何考虑，谢谢-广东

问题专业：装饰 预算

所属地区：广东

提问日期：2023-02-23 08:16:06

提问网友：不懂就问问问

解答网友：nh

参考

答疑：请教25的钢筋在柱内弯锚，还是可以直锚-云南

问题专业：设计 施工 钢筋算量GGJ2013 土建算量GCL2013 土建计量GTJ

所属地区：云南

提问日期：2023-02-23 08:15:16

提问网友：打工人

解答网友：nh

截图不完整，没全显示集中标注；最下是悬挑，面筋应通长设置

答疑：麻烦问一下各位大家，洁净区上吊顶里走的管，是ppr还是洁净不锈钢管-吉林

问题专业：安装

所属地区：吉林

提问日期：2023-02-23 08:15:01

提问网友：Way

2023-02-23 08:15:57 补充

给水管

解答网友：

304不锈钢管

答疑：大家们好，这个箱涵的钢筋手算，钢筋的根数如何求呀，希望有公式解答-广东

问题专业：土建 市政 水利 土建计量GTJ 市政算量GMA

所属地区：广东

提问日期：2023-02-23 08:06:48

提问网友：bk8249

解答网友：nh

按图纸要求尺寸、间距、保护层厚度等分别计算长度及根数

答疑：这种柱属于什么柱（内有劲性钢柱), 我理解为异形柱、框架柱、审核高手说是附墙柱-广东

问题专业：土建

所属地区：广东

提问日期：2023-02-23 07:06:22

提问网友：恋上你的床

解答网友：可遇难求

型钢式混凝土框架柱。

答疑：在有结构板的情况下再做细混凝凝土吗？各位前辈有遇到这这种情况吗？-贵州

问题专业：土建 预算

所属地区：贵州

提问日期：2023-02-23 02:04:27

提问网友：咻迷mua～

解答网友：青山白马

有这种情况，防水的保护层。

答疑：水箱管道和阀门图纸 有冲突 计算吗？-陕西

问题专业：安装

所属地区：陕西

提问日期：2023-02-22 23:52:37

提问网友：0515

这里的管子 还需要计量吗？

解答网友：蓝鲸

不要纠结，消防稳压设备属于成套设备，方框内的阀门和管道工程量不用计算。

回答正确请采纳并点赞，因为每一个专家都是免费服务

答疑：消防水箱 通气管-陕西

问题专业：安装

所属地区：陕西

提问日期：2023-02-22 23:47:30

提问网友：0515

请问 这个通气管 属于哪个系统？ 该怎样计算 ？按M吗？ 拐弯是特殊的吗？

解答网友：

没必要算，一句话概括，包含在水箱制安里面，这些都是水箱厂家要么在厂里做好小型水箱，现场定位安放就行，要么现场一次性模块化大型水箱全部制安到位，包括爬梯、人孔，液位计、防虫网等

答疑：请教室外管网直埋和管沟如何区分？-陕西

问题专业：安装

所属地区：陕西

提问日期：2023-02-22 23:44:46

提问网友：0515

请问这个排水 地沟 和直埋在哪区分？找不到

解答网友：求己

根据设计，有管沟的放管沟，没有管沟的直埋

考试年度：2023
考试种类：建造师
考试级别：二级建造师
考试科目：二建水利
开班种类：历年真题、考点总结、经典文档
班级分类：小白入门36记
更新情况：更新完毕
更新时间：2023-02-20
更新方式：百度网盘

考试年度：2023
考试种类：建造师
考试级别：二级建造师
考试科目：二建水利
开班种类：基础精讲班、强化精讲班、精品面授班
班级分类：李子豪（新教材版）
更新情况：更新到第4讲
更新时间：2023-02-16
更新方式：百度网盘

考试年度：2023
考试种类：建造师
考试级别：二级建造师
考试科目：二建水利
开班种类：考点强化班、专题班、冲刺串讲班
班级分类：刘二林
更新情况：更新到第10讲
更新时间：2023-02-03
更新方式：百度网盘

考试年度：2023
考试种类：建造师
考试级别：二级建造师
考试科目：二建水利
开班种类：真题解析班、习题强化班、模考训练
班级分类：李想
更新情况：更新到第4讲
更新时间：2023-02-17
更新方式：百度网盘

考试年度：2023
考试种类：建造师
考试级别：二级建造师
考试科目：二建水利
开班种类：真题解析班、习题强化班、模考训练
班级分类：易考易错300题
更新情况：更新完毕
更新时间：2023-02-20
更新方式：百度网盘