FlowofFluids
CRANE
FLOW OFFLUIDS
THROUGH
VALVES FITTINGS ANDPIPE
METRICEDITION-SIUNITS
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Bibliograp
‘R.A. Dodge & M J.Thompson Fluld Mechanig
Y R. Mayhew & G. F. C. Rogen Thermodynami sndTransport Properties of Fleids*: Basl Blackwell Oxfoed. UK 1972.] B. Maxwell “Data Bok oe Hydrocaroma": D Van Nostrand Company Ine. New York 1950. 0 11 1922.G. L Tuve and R. E. Sprenkle “Oifice Dischrge Coeff clients for Viscos Lqis"; /rrmers Novcmbet 1933 page 201.L F.Mooty Friction Facts fo Mpe Flw po pt s L odns H VtCompresible Fluid Flow: The Ronald Press Compatty. 1953 Chapter 6. ASME Steam Tables 1967.g. H._Bej "Presure Loses for Fluid Flow in 90 Dege Ripe Bend":JournelofRerch ofhe NgtionlBarvusofSrandards Volume 2i July 1938.Bingham E. C. and Jackson R. F. Brr of Siamder: Seventh Edition 1966 MoGraw-Hill Book Co. New YorkBullrie /4; pages 58 to 86 (S.P. 298 Auput. 1916. (1919).T. R. Weymth ri of e 4mera Sci ] Mechemicel Engineert Volume 34 1912: papr [9?R J S. Pigot "The Flow of Plds in Cosrd (ondo) Mechgrical Engiering Volume 55 Nn. 8 Augusr 1933PAge 497
H. Roug “Elmentary Mecatics ef Fluils"; Johs Wiley nd 407. MeGra-illBook Comany lnc. 1937; pages 193 288 & Sons Inc. New York 1946.B. F. Grizzl Simlification of Gas Fow Caleulations by MNeSpSide RlPerol gisr September 1945.*H. Kirchbach "Los of Energy is Mites Bends"; Tan3 dction of the Mih Hydrucire Blitin No.3.American Society of Mechanical Engineers New York 1935.Dowtherm Handboot"; Dow Chemioal Co. Midland Michigan 1954; page 10.Engineers Volume 72 1950; paes 679 to 688. tings;Trurcrimr of heAmrican Sociey oMechni!R.F.Stem R. MJackn R.R.Joha and C、A HMSO Edinburgh UK.Nostrand Compary Ine New York 1951.*Fluid Meters; Americe Societyof Mehanical Engies Part 16th Edition New York 1971.gpoogague uoauax:huu m pnd oNTM Hil Book Co. New York 1949."Jonl S Mek "Mechasial Enginers Handbook°;MoGraw-Hill Book Co. New York 1951.
Handbook af Chemistry and Physies " 44th Editicn.
*V. L. Streter “Flud Mechanics* Ist Edition 1951.
nteratiomal Gas Union Apendix I of report "Problemsarising rom interchatgeabiity of second family gases; May. 1976.
FOREWORD
vital bees the role played by fluids in the The more plex industry bees the more industrial machine. One hundred years ago conveyed from one point to another in pipe.Todaylmost eveycnceibleuidishnled in pipe during its production processing trans-portation or utilization.The age of atomic energy and rocket power has added fuids suchand bismuth as well as liquid oxygen nitrogen as liquid metals . i sodium potassiam etc.... to the list of more mon fuids such as oil water gases acids and liquors that aretransportation of fuids the only phase of beingtransportedin pipe todayNors theHydraulic and pneumatic mechanisms are used extensively for the controls of modern aircrafl hydraulics whichwarrants attention now.sta-goingvesels atomotive equipment machine tools earth-moving and road-buildingequipmnt whert pecise control of fuid fow machines and even in scientific laboratoryisrequired.
So extensive are the applications o hydraulishas found it necessry to familiarize himself and fluid mechanics that amost every engineerwith at least the elementary laws of fluid fiow. To satisfy a demand for a simple and practical treatment of the subject of flow in pipe CraneCo.published in 1935 a booklet entitled Flow of Fluids and Heat Transmision. A revisededition on the subject of Flow of Fluids Through Valves Fittings and Pipe was pub-lished in 1942. Technical Paper No. 410 a - pletely new edition with an all-ew fomat wasintrodced is 1957 In T.P. 410 Crane has endeavoured to present the latest availableinformation on flow of fluids in summarized foem with all auxiliary data necessary to thesolution of all but the most unusual fuid flow problems.
From 1957 until the present there have beennumerous printings of Technical Paper No. 410. Each successive printing is updated. as neces-sary to refeet the latest flow information avail- able.This ninulaingweliesthe best inerests of the users of this publication.
The fifteenth printing (1976 edition) presented conceptual change regarding the values of Equivalent Length “L/D" and Resistance Co.the fniction factor in pipes. This change had efficient *K" for valves and fitings relative towith flow conditions that result in Reynoldsfor flow in thelaminar zone the change avoided numbers falling in the turbulent zone. However.a significant overstatement of pressure drop. Consistent with the conceptual revision，he"K”instead of equivalent length“LD”，and was expressed in terms of resistance coefficient resistance to flow through valves and fittingsthe coverage of valve and fiting types wasexpanded.
Further important revisions included the up.dating of steam viscosity data orifice coeff. cients and nozzle coefficients.
T.P. 410M was introduced in early 1977 as a meric vesion of the fteenth printing of T.P.presented in terms of SI metric units. Exceptions 410. Technical data with certain exceptions areocurins hrepreennisside the SI system (e.g. nominal pipe sizes in inches)are expected to continue in use for an indefinite period. or wbere agreement has not yet beenreached on the specific metric units to be sed (as for fiow coefficients).
Successive printings of T.P. 410M like T.P. 410 are updated as necesary to reflect latestflow information available. Arrangement of material is alike in both editions. Theory ispresentedinChapeand2practicalap pliatio to flow problmsin Chapten 3and4eritisfvn physical properties of fluids and flow charac-Aand converionnis andthrsl engineering data in Appendix B.
Most of the data on flow through valves andexperiments in the Crane Engineering Labo. fittings were obtained by carefully conductedratories. Liberal use has been made however of other reliable sources of data on this subject and due credit has been given these sources inthe text. The bibliography of references w provide a source for further study of the sub-ject presented.
TableofContents
CHAPTER1Theory of Flow in Pipe papeIntroduction . 111-2Viscosity Density.... 1-3Specific gravity Specific volumeNature of Flow in Pipe -- Laminar and TurbulentMean velocity of flow Reynolds numberHydraulic radius..General Energy Equation Bernoull's Theorem... 1-5Measurement of PressureDarcy's Formula General Equation for Flow of Fluids. Frictionfactor... 1-6 1-6Effect of age and use on pipe friction 17 1-7Principles of Compressible Flow in Pipe Complete isothermal equation... Simplified pressible flow 8-1Other monly used formulas for gaspipe lineformul .18Comparisonof formulas for pressible flow in long pipe lines .. .18Limiting flow of gases and vapors pressible flow in pipe lines .19 1-8Steam General Discussion... .110
Physical Properties of Fluids
CHAPTER3
Formulas and Nomographs for FlowIntroduction... Through ValvesFittings and Pipe 31 pageSummary of Formulas 32 to 35Formulas and Nommographsfor Liquid Flow Velocity.. 36Reynoldsnumber friction factor for clean steel pipe... 3-8mdop Pressure drop for laminar flow 3-12 3-10Flow through nozzles and orifices 314for Compressible Flow Formulas and Nomographs Velocity 316Reynolds number; friction factor for clean steel pipe ... 3-18Pressure dro.. Simplified fliow formula 3-20 3-22Flow through nozzles and orifices 326
Flow of Fluids
Through Valves and Fittings pegIntroduction - 21Types of Valves and Fittings Used in Pipe Systems ... 2-2Pressure Drop Chargeableto Valves and Fittings .. Crane Flow Tests 2-2Description of apparatus used Water flow tests 2-3 2-4Steam flow tests . 2-5Relationship of Pressure Drop to Velocity of Flow ... 27Resistance Coefficient K Equivalent LengthL/D and Flow Coefficient ... 28 211Contraction and Enlargement. Laminar Flow Conditions . 211Valves with Reduced Seats 212Resistance of Bends 212Resistance of Mitre Bends 2-13Flow Through Nozzles and OrificesGeneral data Liquid Flow. 2-14 2-14Gas and vapor flow... Maximum flow of pressible 2-14Flow through short tubes... fluids in a nozzle.. 2-15 215Valves Fittings and P Discharge of Fluids ThroughLiquid low. .... Compressible flow..15
Introduction... 41Reynolds Number and Friction Factor for Pipe Other than Steel 41Determination of Valve Resistance in L. 42L/D K and Flow Coefficient C Check Valves ~ Determination of Size 4--3of Discharge .. Reduced Port Valves Velocity and Rate 43Laminar Flow in Valves Fitings and Pipe 44Pressure Drop and Velocity in Piping Systems. Pipe Line Flow Problems .. . 46 410Discharge of Fluids from Piping Systems 4-12Application of Hydraulic Radius Flow Through Orifice Meters . 4-15to Flow Probiems 41
