Bulk Density(“Unit Weight")andVoids inAggregate1 StandardTestMethodfor
jo s s . p pg np pps s original adptin or in the case of evisin the year of last evisn. A nber in parntheses idictes the year of last repprval. Asuperscript cpsilon (e) indicates an odiorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This stnds hs been appresl for ase by agemcies of the U.S. Deparer ef Defense.
1. Scope*
2. Referenced Documents
2.1ASTM Standards:2
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulkdensity (unit weight") of aggregate in a pacted or loose condition and calculated voids between particles in fine This test method is applicable to aggregates not exceeding 125 coarse or mixed aggregates based on the same determination.mm [5 in.] in nominal maximum size.
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag- gregatesC127 Test Method for Relative Density (Specifie Gravity) and Absorption of Coarse AggregateC128 Test Method for Relative Density (Specifie Gravity) and Absorption of Fine AggregateC670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias StatementsC702/C702M Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate for Test Methods for Construction MaterialsC1077 Practice for Agencies Testing Concrete and Concrete to Testing SizeAggregates for Use in Construction and Criteria for Testing Ageney EvaluationD75/D75M Practice for Sampling AggregatesEl1Specification for WovenWire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves2.2 AASHTO Standard: T19/T19M Method of Test for Unit Weight and Voids inAggregate
peoperty determined by this test method which is weight per unit volume NomE 1Unit weight is the traditional temminology used to describe the(more correctly mass per unit volume or density).
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsspecification with which this test method is used. An exception are to be regarded separately as standard as appropriate for ais with regard to sieve sizes and nominal size of aggregate inE11. Within the text inch-pound units are shown in brackets. which the SI values are the standard as stated in SpecificationThe values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system shall be used independently of the other.Combining values from the rwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3This standard doesnot purport to adress all of theresponsibility of theuserofthis standard to establishappro safety concerns if any. associated with its use. lt is rhepriate sofety and health practices and determine the applica-biliry of regularory limitations prior to ase.
3. Terminology
3.1 DefinitionsThe terms used in this test method aredefined in Terminology C125.
1.A This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopmentof Intermational Standards Guides and Re- mendarions issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specifc to This Standard:
between particles in an aggregate mass not ocupied by solid 3.2.1 voids nin uni volme of agregate the spacemineral matter.
TABLE 2 Requirements for Measures
able or impermeable are not included in voids as determined 3.2.1.1 DiscassionVoids within particles either perme-by this test method.
Units Capacily of Thickness of Metal minMeasure Bottom Upper 38 mm or 11% in. of wall Remainder of wallLess than 11 L 11 to 42 L incl 5.0 mm 5.0 mm 5.0mm 2.5 mm 3.0mm 2.5 mmSI over 42 to 80 L incl over 80 to 133 L incl 130mm 10.0mm 7.6 mm 6.4 mm 5.0mm 3.8 mmInch- 0.4° to 1.5 ，in Less than 0.4 # 0.20 in. 0.20 in. 0.10 in. 0.20 in. 0.10 in. 0.12 in.pound over 1.5 to 2.8# incl 0.40 in. 0.50 in. 0.25 in. 0.15 in. 0.20 in.
over 2.8 to 4.0 tf° incl 0.30 in.
4. Significance and Use
values that are necessary for use for many methods of selecting 4.1 This test method is often used to determine bulk densityproportions for concrete mixtures.
mass/volume relationships for conversions in purchase agree- 4.2 The bulk density also may be used for determiningtion of aggregates in a hauling unit or stockpile and that ments. However the relationship between degree of pac-achieved in this test method is nknown.Further aggregateshauling units and stockpiles usually contain absorbed and surface moisture (the latter affecting bulking) while this testmethod determines the bulk density on a dry basis.
da reinforcing band around the top of the measure.
within 0.3 mm [0.01 in.] and shall be parallel to the bottombe a smooth and continuous surface. within 0.5° (see Note 2). The interior wall of the measure shall
voids between the aggregate particlesbased n thebulk density 4.3 A procedure is included for puting the percentage ofdetermined by this test method.
gage cannot be inserted between the rim and a piece of 6-mm [%-in.] or No 2Te top rim is satisfactrily plane if a0.3mm [0.01-in. flerthicker plate glass laid over the measure. The top and bottom are satisfactorily parallel if the slope between pieces of plate glassn contatwith the top and bottom does nox exceed 0.87 % in any direction.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Balance-A balance or scale accurate to within 0.05 kg[0.1 Ib] or to within 0.1% of the test load whicheveris greater at any point within the range of use. The range of use shall be considered to extend from the mass of the measure empty tothe mass of the measure plus its contents at 1920 kg/m? [120 Ib/ft?].
5.3.1 Measures larger than nominal 28 L [1 f°] capacityshall be made of steel.
for filling the measure with aggregate. 5.4 Shovel or ScoopA shovel or scoop of convenient size
5.2Tamping RodA round plain steel rod with a diameterof 16 ± 2 mm [% ± Vis in.]. The length of the tamping rod shall be at least 100 mm [4 in.] greater than the depth of themeasure or mold in which rodding is being performed but not greater than 750mm [30in. in overall length (see Note2).Therod shall have the tamping end or both ends rounded to abe straight over its length to a tolerance of 0.5 % of its length. hemispherical tip of the same diameter as the rod. The rod shall
5.5 Equipment for Measuring Volume of Measure:
in.] thick and at least 25 mm [1 in.] larger than the diameter of 5.5.1 Plate GlassA piece of plate glass at least 6 mm [%the measure to be calibrated.
5.5.2 GreaseA supply of water-pump chassis or similargrease.
least 10 to 32 °C [50 to 90 °F] and that is readable to at least 5.5.3 ThermometerA thermometer having a range of at0.5 °C [1 °F].
suitable metal that plies with the requirements of this 5.3 Measure-A cylindrical container made of stcel or othersection preferably provided with handles. The measure shallrough usage. The measure shall have a height at least 80 % and be watertight and sufficiently rigid to retain its form undernot more than 150 % of the diameter. The capacity of the measure shallconfomtothlimitsinTablfortheaggregatesize to be tested. The thickness of metal in the measure shall be as described in Table 2. The top rim shall be smooth and plane
5.5.4 BalanceA balance as described in 5.1.
6. Sampling
6.1 Obtain the sample in accordance with Practice D75/D75M and reduce to test sample size in accordance with Practice C702/C702M.
7. Test Sample
7.1 The size of the test sample shall be between 125 and200%f thequantityrequiredtofillthemeasureand shallbe handled in a manner to avoid segregation.
TABLE 1 Capacity of Measures
Size of Aggregate Nominal Maximum Capacity of Measure^mm 12.5 % in. 0.0028(2.8] m² [L) t e75 37.5 25.0 1 1% 3 0.014 [14] 0.028[28] [6]6000 1100 125 4 5 0.100 [100] 2% 3%
7.2 Dry the aggregate sample to constant mass in an ovenatconstant mass when the difference in mass between two 110 ± 5 °C [230 ± 10 °F]. The sample is considered to be atconsecutive weighings taken one hour apart is lessthan 0.1% of the last weighing.
No: 3Alternative means of drying are sometimes chosen for quickdeterminations where rapid results are desired or if an oven is not available. Altermative drying methods should not cause fracturing ofdrying methods does not conform with this test method. particles or chemical breakdown of the aggregate. Use of alternative
wou e p sopefeue soj o pn 0 ipus ounsew jo ozjs poeopui 941. maximum size equal to or smaller than that listed. The actual volume of themeasure shall be at least 95 % of the nominal volume listed.
29/C29M-17a
8. Determination of Volume of Measure
slight projections of the larger pieces of the coarse aggregate gate with the fingers or a straightedge in such a way that anyapproximatlybalancethe larger voids inthe surfacebelowthetop of the measure.
and subsequently at a frequency not to exceed twelve months 8.1 Determine the volume of the measure upon initial useor whenever there is reason to question the accuracy of the volumetric capacity of the measure. If required retain a recordof volume determination in accordance with Practice C1077.
9.2.1.2 In rodding the first layer do not allow the rod tostrike the bottom of the measure forcibly. In rodding the second and third layers use vigorous effort but not more force than tocause the tamping rod to penetrate to the previous layer ofaggregate.
nearest 0.05 kg [0.1 Ib]. 8.2 Detemmine the mass of the plate glass and measure the
8.3 Place a thin layer of grease on the rim of the measure toprevent leakage of water from the measure.
No: 5In rodding the larer sizes of coare agregate it my t beposible penetrate the layebig cnsolidad seciallywithangula aggregates. The intent of the procedure will be acplished if vigorouseffort is used.
8.4 Fill the measure with water that is at room temperatureand cover with the plate glass in such a way as to eliminatebubbles and excess water. Remove any water that may have overflowed onto the measure or plate glass.
9.2.2 Method BJigging:
9.2.2.1Fillthemeasure in three approximately qual layesas described in 9.2.1.1 pacting each layer by placing the measure on a firm base such as a cement-concrete floor allowing the measure to drop in such a manner as to hit with a raising the opposite sides alternately about 50 mm [2 in.] andsharp slapping blow. The aggregate particles by thisprocedure will arrange themselves in a densely pacted condition. Compact each layer by dropping the measure 50times in the manner described 25 times on each side. Level the surface of the aggregate with the fingers or a straightedge incoarse aggregate approximately balance the larger voids in thesurface below the top of the measure.
8.5 Determine the mass of the water plate glass and
measure to the nearest 0.05 kg [0.1 Ib].
8.6 Measure the temperature of the water to the nearest 0.5℃[1 °F] and determine its density from Table 3 interpolating if necessary.
TABLE 3 Density of Water
"c "F kg’m? bet”15.6 18.3 60 65 999.01 998.54 62.336 62.36621.1 23.0 239 73.4 75 70 997.97 997.54 997.32 62.301 62.274 62.26126.7 29.4 80 85 996.59 995.83 62.216 62.166
9.2.3Method CShoveling:
9.2.3.1 Fill the measure to overflowing by means of a shovelor scoop discharging the aggregate from a heightnot to exceed 50 mm [2 in.] above the top of the measure. Exercise care topreventofarasssibleregationf thpaicl sizf which the sample is posed. Level the surface of theaggregate with the fingers or a straightedge in such a way that any slight projections of the larger pieces of the coarseaggregate approximately balance the larger voids in the surfacebelow the top of the measure.
8.7 Calculate the volume V of the measure. Alternatively calculate the factor F for the measure.
in SI units should be expressed in cubic metres or the factor as 1/m. Nom 4For the calculation of bulk density the volume of the measureHowever for convenience the size of the meusure may be expressed in Eitres
9.3 Determine and record the mass of the measure plus itscontents to the nearest 0.05 kg [0.1 Ib].
9.Procedure
10. Calculation
the nearest 0.05 kg [0.1 Ib]. 9.1 Detemine and record the mass of the empty measure to
10.1 Bulk DensiryCalculate the bulk density as follows:
(1)
9.2 To determine the pacted bulk density of aggregateshaving a nominal maximum size of 37.5 mm [1% in.] or less consolidate the sample in the measure using MethodARodding: use Method BJigging for aggregates having a nominal maximum size greater than 37.5 mm [112 in.] and not of the aregate when stplated fill themaureby Md exceeding 125 mm [5 in.]. To determine the loose bulk densityCShoveling.
or
(2)
where:
G M = bulk density of the aggregate kg/m² [Ib/nt²] mass of the aggregate plus the measure kg [Ib] T =volume of the measure m²[f² 1. and s = mass of the measure kg [Ib] V F = factor for measure m~ [f²].
9.2.1.1 Fill the measure one-third full and level the surfacethe tamping rod evenly distributed over the surface. Fill the with the fingers. Rod the layer of aggregate with 25 strokes ofmeasure two-thirds full and again level and rod as above.Finally fill the measure to overflowing and rod again in the manner previously mentioned. Level the surface of the aggre-
for aggregate in an oven-dry condition. If the bulk density in 10.1.1 The bulk density determined by this test method isterms of saturated-surface-dry (SSD) condition is desired useSSD bulk density using the following formula: the exact procedure in this test method and then calculate the
where:
where:
where:
11. Report
12. Precision and Bias
Msso = bulk density in SSD condition kg/m² [Ib/ft²] andA =% absorption determined in accordance with TestMethod C127 or Test Method C128.
10.2 Void ContenCalculate the void content in the aggre-jigging or shoveling procedure as follows: gate using the bulk density determined by cither the rodding
M S = bulk specific gravity (dry basis) as determined inC128 andM = density of water 998 kg/m² [62.3 Ib/ft²].
bulk density of the aggregate kg/m²[bt]
accordance with Test Method C127 or Test Method
sure as follows: 10.3 Volume of Measure-Calculate the volume of a mea-
v = volume of the measure m² [ft²]w M = mass of the plate glass and measure kg [Ib] = mass of the water plate glass and measure kg [Ib]D density of the water for the measured temperature F = factor for the measure 1/m² [1ft²] kg/m [lb/ft²] and
kg/m² [1 Ib/ft²] as follows: 11.1 Report the results for the bulk density to the nearest 10
11.1.1 Bulk density consolidated by Merthod A--Rodding or 11.1.2 Bulk density consolidated by Merhod BJigging or11.1.3 Loose bulk density by Method CShoveling.
1 % as follows: 11.2 Report the results for the void content to the nearest
11.2.1Voids in aggregate consolidated by Method ARod-ding % or
11.2.2 Voids in aggregate consolidated by Method BJig-ging % or
11.2.3 Voids in lose aggregate by Merhod CShovel-ing %.
12.1 The following estimates of precision for this testmethod are based on results from the AASHTO MaterialsReference Laboratory (AMRL) Proficiency Sample Program with testing conducted using this test method and AASHTOMethod T 19/T19M. There are no significant differences be-
29/C29M-17a
tween the two test methods. The data are based on the analyses of more than 100 paired test results from 40 to 100 laborato-ries.
()
12.2 Coarse Aggregate (bulk density):
12.2.1 Single-Operator Precision-The single-operatorstandard deviation has been found to be 14 kg/m² [0.88 Ib/ft²]q ous s udos (1s). Therefore results of two properly conducted tests by thethan 40 kg/m² [2.5 Ib/ft²) (d2s).
(4)
12.2.2Mulrilaboratory PrecisionThe multilaboratorystandard deviation has been found to be 30 kg/m² [1.87 Ib/ft²] (Is）.Thereforeresults of wo properly conducted testsfromtwo different laboratories on similar material should not differby more than 85 kg/m? [5.3 Ib/ft²] (d2s).
12.2.3 These numbers represent respectively the (1s) and(d2s) limits as described in Practice C670. The precision estimates were obtained from the analysis of AMRL profi-ciency sample data for bulk density by rodding of normal weight aggregates having a nominal maximum agregate sizeof 25.0 mm [1 in.] and using a 14-L [12-ff°] measure.
(5)
12.3 Fine Aggregate (bulk density):
(6)
12.3.1 Single-Operator Precision-The single-operatorstandard deviation has bcen found to be 14 kg/m²[0.88 Ib/f²](1s). Therefore results of two properly conducted tests by the same operator on similar material should not differ by morethan 40 kg/m? [2.5 Ib/ft?) (d2s).
12.3.2 Multilaboratory Precision-The multilaboratorystandard deviation has been found to be 44 kg/m? [2.76 Ib/ft²] (1s). Therefore results of two properly conducted tests fromtwo different laboratories on similar material should not differby more than 125 kg/m² [7.8 Ib/ft²] (d2s).
12.3.3 These numbers represent respectively the (Is) and(d2s) limits as described in Practice C670. The precision estimates were obtained from the analysis of AMRL profi-ciency sample data for loose bulk density from laboratories using a 2.8-L [%o-ft²] measure.
12.4 No precision data on void content are available.However as the void content in aggregate is calculated from bulk density and bulk specific gravity the precision of theeters given in 12.2 and 12.3 of this test method and in Test voids content reflcts the precision of these measured param-Methods C127 and C128.
bulk density andvoid content hasno bias because the values 12.5 BicsThe procedure in this test method for measuringfor bulk density and void content can be defined only in termsof a test method.
13. Keywords
13.1 agregates; bulk density; coarse aggregate; density:fine aggregate; unit weight; voids in aggregates
Committee C09 has identified the location of selected changes to this test method since the last issue C29/C29M 17 that may impact the use of this test method. (Approved April 1 2017.)
(1) Revised 7.1. (3) Consolidated previous Sections 9 10 11 and 12. Revised(2) Added 7.2 and Note 3 (renumbered subsequent Notes accordingly). 9 10 and 11.
Committee CO9 has identified the location of selected changes to this test method since the last issue C29/C29M 16 that may impact the use of this test method. (Approved Jan. 1 2017.)
(3) Revised 8.1.
(1) Revised 5.1 - 5.3.(2) Deleted 5.3.1 and renumbered subsequent section.
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