Guide for Design and Construction of Waterfront and Coastal Concrete Marine Structures
Reported by ACl Committee 357
GuideforDesignand Construction ofWaterfrontand Coastal ConcreteMarine Structures
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GuideforDesignandConstructionofWaterfrontand CoastalConcreteMarineStructures
Reported byACl Committee357
Domenic D'Argeszio Chair
George C. Hoff Secretary
Samuel X. YaoConsalring Members Sara B. FinlaysonJames N. Reed
Mike S. Baanan Lewis J. CookMichael J. Garlich Per Fidjestol*Kare Hjorteset
Mohammad S. Khan Jorge L. Quiros Jr.Karl-Heinz Reineck Thomas E. SpencerPaul G. Tomey
Steven W. G. Yee
“Deceased
CONTENTS
Waterfront and coastal concrete marine structures are exposed to severe environmental conditions for which concrete is ideallysited. These condirioms inciade wind; waves inclading seichex and tsanamis; ice and ship inpact; abrasion and impact fromfloating debris;: passing vessel effects; and seismic evens. As many of these strucfures are pile-sapported the seismic loing can becritical and therefore α discassion of piles and their installationis inchnded in rhis guide. Aiso provided are fhe measuwres rhat can be taken fo minimie the andesirable effects of these eviromentalfactors and reduce the potential for serious problems.
1.1Introduetion. p. 21.2-Scope.p.2
CHAPTER1-GENERAL p.2
CHAPTER2-NOTATIONAND DEFINITIONS p.22.1-Notation.p.2 2.2-Definitions p. 3
This guide also defines waterfront and coastal concrete marinedescribes potentiot durabifiry isuex and how to mizigate them and stnectures discasses materials thar can be ased to struct rhem presents sustainability and serviceability requirememts. Design foads analysis techniques design methodology. and constrctionconsiderations are also preseted. Other topics inclade qulity control (QC) above-wafer and below-water inspection of thesestnuctures and repair of damaged strucfares. The materials proceses QC measures and inspections described in this guide should be fested moitored or performed as applicable only byequrivalent. quoljfied individuals holding the appropriote ACI certifications or
STRUCTURES p.4 CHAPTER3-TYPESANDSTRUCTURAL CONFIGURATIONSOFCONCRETEMARINE
3.1-General definition p. 43.2-Funetional classfication p. 43.3Layout and operational terminology p. 4 3.4-Structural configurations p. 53.5-Application of concrete in marine structures p. 5 3.6-Concrete marine structures in contemporary designpractice p. 5
Keywords: construction procedures; durability: inspectio; marine struc-tures; materials. quality control; senviceability; sstainability: structural analysis strnactural design.
CHAPTER4-MATERIALS p.5
4.2-Cementitious materials p. 5 4.1-General p. 54.3-Aggregates p. 74.5-Chemical admixtures p. 7 4.4Water p. 74.6-Conerete p. 8 4.7Fibers p. 84.8Deformed reinforcement p. 8
intended for guidance in plaing designing xecting and ACI Committee Reports Guides and Commentaries areinspetin construtioThis doument is inteded for the use asand limitations of its content and remendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material itcontains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all reponsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shallnot be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.
Reference to this document shall not be made in contractthe Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents documents. If items foumd in this document are desired bythey shallerestatdinmadatory language foicporatin by the Architect/Engineer.
4.9-Prestressing systems p. 104.10-Prestressing anchorages p. 104.11Prestressing duets p. 11 4.12-Grout for bonded prestressing tendons p. 12
CHAPTER5-DURABILTY p.12
5.1-General p. 125.2-Exposure zones p. 12 5.3-Marine durability problems p. 135.4Concrete mixture design considerations p. 14 5.5-Proteetion against corrosion of reinforcemem p. 145.6-Abrasion resistance p. 165.7-Service life predietion models p. 17
SERVICEABILITYREQUIREMENTS p.17 CHAPTER6-SUSTAINABILITYAND
6.1-General p. 17structures p. 17 6.2-Sustainability for waterfront and coastal concretefront and coastal structures p. 18 6.3Marine environments and their demands on water-6.4Serviceability requirements p. 196.5Component replacement p. 19
CHAPTER7-LOADS ANALYSIS ANDDESIGN p 19
7.1-Requirements and design criteria p. 197.2--General requirements for loads p. 19 7.3Dead loads p. 197.4-Vertical live loads p. 19 7.5-Horizontal loads p. 207.6Iee loads p. 207.7-Thermal loads p. 20 7.8-Deformation loads p. 217.9Seismic loads p. 21 7.10-Load binations p. 217.11-Design concepts p. 217.12-Analysis p. 23 7.13-Design of members p. 247.15 -Pile design p. 26 7.14Member design for seismie loads p. 267.16Consideration of slope deformations p. 28
CHAPTER8-CONSTRUCTIONCONSIDERATIONS p.28 8.1-General p. 288.2--Environmental and physical constraints p. 298.3-Local construetion experience and practice p. 29 8.4Construction staging and access p. 298.5-Construction methods p. 29
CHAPTER9-QUALITYCONTROLANDINSPECTION p.31 9.1-Introduction p. 319.2-Quality control tests p. 32 9.3-Inspection p. 32
CHAPTER10-REPAIR p.3510.1General p. 3510.2-Strength and durability p. 35 10.3Above-water repairs p. 3510.4-Below-water repairs p. 36
CHAPTER11-REFERENCES p.37
APPENDIXA p.44
CHAPTER1-GENERAL
1.1-Introduction
The use of properly designed durable and sustainable structures. Except for some criteria in ACI 357R and special- concrete is an economical approach to the design of marineized criteria in other ACI guides on durability there are noprehensive guidelines or standards that cover the appli- cation of concrete in the marine environment for coastalmarine structures. Current building codes and ACI standards do not address the requirements unique to the design ofthese structures with the exception of special applicationsor requirements for piles and concrete durability This guide provides design guidance for the use of concrete for coastalmarine structures and is intended to plement other design manuals and guides used for this purpose.
1.2-Scope
This guide primarily covers marine structures usedfor berthing marine vessels in protected harbors and for supporting the associated loads. Structures covered by thisguide include pile-supported platforms bulkheads andgravity structures. It is not intended to cover marine struc- tures such as gravity block wall tunnels breakwaters on special considerations for marine concrete and guid- floating structures or offshore platforms. Emphasis is placedance for the design and construction of marine structures.Because of the severe nature of the marine environment and associated loading conditions certain remendations inthis report are intended to plement the requirements ofACI 318.
Existing design guides are used for basic concepts load-ings marine hardware and other criteria that affect the use of concrete in marine structures. There are some pre-hensive manuals that cover functional and structural guide- lines for the design of coastal marine structures (MIL-HDBK-1025 2006; BS 6349-1 to 8; Goda et al. 2009: EAU2004; Ports Customs and Free Zone Corporation 2007: Werner 1998; FEMA P-55 2011.
CHAPTER2-NOTATIONAND DEFINITIONS
2.1-Notation
D = dead loadsEI flexural stiffness earthquake loadsE = = modulus of elasticity of steelE = vertical seismic load
loads due to weight and pressure of fluids withF well-defined densities and controllable maximumF. heights flood loadH = loads due to weight and pressure of soil water in soil or other materials= moment of inertia of an uncracked reinforcedL = live loads concrete cross sectionM L = roof live load momentR = = response modification factor or rain loadS T = = snow load cumulative effect of temperature creep shrinkage differential and settlement wind loadW = = distance between resultants of the internal pres-sive and tensile ties in strut-and-tie model
and the water pumped out leaving the vessel supported onblocks; used for building or repairing a vessel below thewaterline.
gravity structuressee fixed offshore structures.
that attach themselves to marine structures. The organisms marine growtha term applied to biofouling organismsare classified as hard or soft fouling types. Hard (Calcar-eous) fouling organisms include barnacles encrusting bryo- zoans mollusks polychaete and other tube worms andzebra mussels. Examples of soft (noncalcareous) fouling organisms are seaweed hydroids algae and biofilm *slime.Together these organisms form a fouling munity thattides. increases the drag forces on the structure from waves and
with a body of water. marine structureany facility built to function in contact
mudlinethe top of the soil surface underlying a body
offshore concrete structures-fixed reinforcedorprestressed concrete or both reinforced and prestressed concrete structures for service in deeper waters far from theshoreline.
2.2-Definitions
ACI provides a prehensive list of definitions throughdefinitions provided herein pliment that resource. The
but connected to the shore by roadways or bridges. offshore terminalfacility built far from the shoreline
deck to the datum high water level. air gap-distance from the underside of the struetures
ground shear orvertuming moment or through axial force p-delta analysis-analysis to quantify the changes indistribution at the base of a structural ponent or all ofthe above due to a lateral displacement.
arctie structuresfloating or fixed structures for explo-ration and production of oil and gas in ice-infested waters above the Arctic Circle.
p-y analysisAnalysis to characterize the lateral loadbehavior of a single embedded pile.
eqo os B-regiona portion of a member where the plane section
pier-a platform structure extending from the shore intothe sea for use as a landing place or promenade or to protector form a harbor.
barge-like structuresa floating vessel with verticalraked or shaped as required. walls and a near-rectangular plan; the bow and stern may be
pucher influence field charts-a series of contourplots of infuence surfaces for various plate and loading geometries that can be used for deck design. For example local moments in the deck slab due to wheel loads can be determined.
load is applied to a pair of piles connected in an A-frame batter aetionthe phenomenon that occurs if a horizontalconfiguration; one that causes an axial pressive load inthe batter pile and a vertical tension load in the vertical pile of the A-frame.
rip-rap-a loose assemblage of stones erected in water toprevent erosion of a shoreline or foundation.
outer surface of the pile. batter pilespiles with a receding upward slope of the
material creates holes or lowers the sea floor adjacent to scour-Erosive action of moving water that removesstructures.
berma narrow shelf or ledge typically at the bottom ofa slope.
to the ocean.
o s on up u ons uos endwhich ships are built or repaired. Marine structures can be moved to and from the water. Also called a marine railwayon where ships or vessels can be moved to and from the
D-regionThe portion of a member within a distance from a force discontinuity or a geometric discontinuity.
of making or being a liquid. earthquake-induced liquefactionfor soils the process
tidal fluetuationsthe rise and fall of the water surfacefrom low tide to high tide levels
the seabed and obtain their stability from the vertical forces fixed offshore structuresstructures that are founded onof gravity.
waterfront structureany facility built along the edgeof a shoreline.
shore for berthing ships to receive and discharge cargo and wharfa structure built along or at an angle from thepassengers.
mittently or continuously afloat. floating strueturesstructures that are temporally inter-
tively narrow long basin into which a vessel can be floated graving dockanother term for dry dock which is arela-