关键词:喷射混凝土;硅灰;粉煤灰;抗压强度;抗折强度;坍落度 中图分类号:TU528.041文献标识码:A文章编号:1005-8249(2013)02-0003-05 Ding Peng, Yang Jian-hui, Li Yang-fei, Xiong Zheng-zhuan, Ding Sheng-jun (1. School of Civil Engineering of Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, Henan; 2.Henan Haitian construction cost consultation firm Co. Zhengzhou branch pany, Zhengzhou 450ooo, Henan) Abstract:It is tested on the physical and mechanical properties of shotcrete whenmixed silicon ah and fly ash in this paperbsd on the shortings of shotcrete in lower strength at early stage,unstable strength at later stage and simple mix proportion, etcat present, It shows that silia fume can improve carly strength, but reduce the concrete slump degrees; and fly ash reduce early strengh, but improve post strength when it is activated after a period of time. In the nd, the optimal mixture ratio and the best proportion of esch submaterials are determined according to the analysis of orthogonal test results, which can meet enginering requirements in general. Key wordsshotcrete; silica fumeflyash pressiv strength;flexural strength: slump 喷射混凝土是借助喷射机械,利用压缩空气或其易性好、强度易于保证等优点,但施工工艺较复杂,成 他动力,将按一定配比的水泥、砂、石子和外加剂等拌本较高2。
粉煤灰综合利用 FLYASHCOMPREHENSIVEUTILIZATION2015 NO.6
建筑科技
砌体结构不同部位在地震力作用下的破坏特点及相关建议 Damage Characteristies on DifferentParts of Masonry Structure under the Earthguake and Related Suggestion
张雷 (河北建研科技有限公司,石家庄050000) 摘要:对砌体结构的常见震害现象进行了简要描述,归纳了砌体结构的震害特点,对砌体结构窗间墙、楼梯间及 小塔楼等抗震薄弱部位进行了简要分析。
粉煤灰综合利用 2016N0.4 FLY ASH COMPREHENSIVE UTILIZATION 试验与应用 短龄期养护条件下高抗硫硅酸盐水泥的抗侵蚀能力初探* Preliminary Study about the Ability of High Sulfate Resistance Portland Cement(PHSR) Resistance to Sulfate Erosion in Short Curing Age Conditions 李双喜 (新疆农业大学水利与土木工程学院,乌鲁木齐市830052) 摘要:在一些实际工程中,基础混凝土在浇筑完成不久后就会遭受硫酸盐侵蚀,此时,高抗硫硅酸盐水泥配制的 混凝土抗侵蚀能力研究成果较少.本文模拟混凝土浇筑完成不久就遭受硫酸盐侵蚀的特殊情况,分析探讨了不同水灰 比条件下高抗硫硅酸盐水泥胶砂试件在短龄期养护时抵抗硫酸盐侵蚀的能力.通过研究发现:①在短龄期养护条件下, 当水灰比≥0.45时,高抗硫硅酸盐水泥混凝土无抵抗硫酸盐侵蚀的能力;②在短龄期养护条件下,当混凝土所处的硫酸 根离子浓度≤2500mg/L时,高抗硫硅酸盐水泥混凝土的水灰比应≤0.35;当混凝土所处的硫酸根离子浓度≤4000mg/L 时,高抗硫硅酸盐水泥混凝土的水灰比应≤0.30;③在短龄期养护条件下,若环境水中硫酸根离子浓度≥4000mg/L时, 直接采用高抗硫水泥配制的混凝土就有遭受侵蚀破坏的危险,为避免给工程留下安全隐患,宜采用其他更为稳妥的抗侵 蚀措施. 关键词:高抗硫水泥;混凝土;短龄期养护;抗侵蚀能力 中图分类号:TQ172.73*3 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1005-8249(2016)04-0038-03 Li Shuangxi (College of water conservancy and civil engineering of Xinjiang Agricultural University 830052) Abstract:This article simulated the special case of concrete pouring finish soon after eroded by Sulfate analysed and probed the ability of PHSR mortar Test block resistance to erosion in short curing age conditions with different water-cement ratio.Through the study found:①When Water-cement ratio≥0.45 in short curing age there'no ability for P.HSR conerete resistance to Sulfate erosion.②When in the condition of S0 2-concentration≤2500mg/L in short curing age PHSR Water-cement ratio should≤0.35;When in the condition of S0 2 concentrationt 4000mg/L in short curing age PHSR Water-cement ratio should≤0.30.③If concrete in the condition of S0 2-concen...
粉煤灰综合利用 FLY ASH COMPREHENSIVE UTILIZATION 2013NO.4 试验与应用 短龄期养护条件下不同混凝土长期抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能对比* The Long -term Performance of Sulfate Salt Erosion Resistance for Different Concrete in Shortage Curing 李方元1,唐新军2,胡小虎3 (1.新疆维吾尔自治区水利管理总站,乌鲁木齐830000;2.新疆农业大学水利与土木工程学院, 乌鲁木齐830052;3.新疆维吾尔自治区水利水电勘测设计研究院,乌鲁木齐830000) 摘要:通过制配胶砂试件进行长达2年的硫酸盐侵蚀试验,对比研究了短龄期养护条件下硫铝酸盐水泥混凝土 (SAC)、高抗硫水泥混凝土(HSR)和粉煤灰高性能混凝土(PFAC)的抗硫酸盐侵蚀能力.结果表明:短龄期养护条件下 硫铝酸盐水泥混凝土和大掺量(60%)粉煤灰高性能混凝土具有长期抵抗高浓度硫酸盐侵蚀的能力,小掺量(30%)粉煤 灰高性能混凝土和高抗硫水泥混凝土长期抵抗高浓度硫酸盐侵蚀的能力具有局限性. 关键词:硫铝酸盐水泥;高性能混凝土;高抗硫水泥;短龄期养护;硫酸盐侵蚀 中图分类号:TU528.33 文献标识码:A文章编号:1005-8249(2013)04-0021-04 Li Fang-yuan' Tang Xin-jun2 Hu Xiao -hu (1.Water Management Station of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Urumqi 830000 China; 2.College of Water Conservancy Civil Engineering Xinjiang Agricultural University Urumqi 830052 China; 3.Survey Design Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Urumgi 830000 China) Abstract:The capability of resisting sulfate corrode of sulphoaluminate cement concrete(SAC) high sulfur resistant cement concrete (HSR)and high performance fly -ash concrete PFAC)was tested by the sulfate erosion experiment for 2 years.It indicates that sulphoaluminate cement concrete and high volume(60%)fly -ash Concrete can resist the erosion of high concentration sulfate for a long time but fly-ash Con- crete with low admixture of 30%and high sulfur resistant cement concrete HSR)has limitations. Key words:sulphoaluminate cement;high performance concrete;high sulfate resistant cement;short term curing:sulfate attack 硫酸盐侵蚀是混凝土耐久性重要内容之一.混凝不利影响.本文以实际工程会遇到基础混凝土浇筑完 土遭受硫酸盐侵蚀破坏是我国西北高寒干旱区(如新 成不久或得不到充分养护时就遭受硫酸盐侵蚀的问题 疆),尤其是盐碱地地区普遍存在的混凝土病害问题. 为试验背景,通过以往长达2年的硫酸盐侵蚀试验,对 混凝土受硫酸盐侵蚀是一个长期的较为复杂的物理和 比研究了短龄期养护条件下硫铝酸盐水泥混凝土、粉 化学过程,影响和评价混凝土的抗硫酸盐侵蚀的因素 煤灰高性能混凝土和高抗硫水泥混凝土长期抵抗高浓 也较多,如水泥品种、养护制度、侵蚀溶液浓度、侵蚀龄 度硫酸盐性能的差异,希望能为有硫酸盐侵蚀性能要 期等.目前提高混凝土抵抗硫酸盐侵蚀能力的研究对 求的混凝土结构设计提供较为广泛的参考依据. 象主要集中为抗硫水泥混凝土和掺超细掺合料(如粉 1试验材料与试验方法 煤灰、矿渣微粉等)的高性能混凝土,笔者在前期也 开展过硫酸盐水泥混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性的研究2, 1.1试验原材料 但多数侵蚀试验时间偏短,侵蚀...
粉煤灰综合利用 FLYASH COMPREHENSIVEUTILIZATION2018NO.1
综述
盾构法同步注浆材料的试验研究综述 Review of Experimental Research on Synchronous Grouting Material for Shield Tunneling
陈金平,王娇,甄聪,徐梦然,梁晓明,王亚龙 (中国石油大学(华东)储运与建筑工程学院,山东青岛266580) 摘要:在地铁隧道工程施工中,盾构技术的应用越来越广泛,同步注浆技术是稳固地层、防护衬砌的重要手段, 而注浆技术中所使用的注浆材料则更是至关重要。
粉煤灰综合利用 FLY ASH COMPREHENSIVE UTILIZATION 2010NO.4 试验与应用 白泥混合土处理渗滤液效果的试验研究* Research of Leachate Treatment Effect by Soil Mixed with White Mud 李青松13,乔志香2,金春姬3,马晓雁 (1.厦门理工学院水资源环境研究所,福建厦门361005;2.国家海洋局北海预报中心,山东青岛266033; 3.中国海洋大学环境科学与工程学院,山东青岛266003;4.浙江工业大学建筑工程学院,浙江杭州310014) 摘要:研究了白泥含量为20%的混合土对C0D和氨氮的去除效果及影响因素.结果表明,进水C0D负荷在 36.14-144.58g/(m2.d) 水力负荷15.92~191.08L/(m2.d)之间变化时,混合土对C0D去除率一般为60%,对氨氮的 去除率在90%以上.水力负荷和污染物负荷对渗滤液中污染物的去除率有较大的影响,水力负荷与污染物的去除率呈 负相关,污染物浓度负荷与污染物的去除率呈正相关,且污染物的浓度负荷影响较大. 关键词:白泥;填埋场;COD;氨氮 中图分类号:X781.2 X703.1 文献标识码:A文章编号:1005-8249(2010)04-0013-04 LE Qing-song13 Qiao Zhi-xiang' Jin Chun-ji Ma Xiao-yan' (1.Water Resources and Environmental Institute Xiamen University of Technology Xiamen Fujian 361005 China; 2.North Sea Marine Forecast center of State Oceanic Administration Qingdao Shandong 266033 China; 3.College of Environmental Science and Engineering Ocean University of China Qingdao Shandong 266003 China; 4.College of Civil Engineering and Architecture Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou Zhejiang 310014 China) Abstract:The removal rates and influence factors of COD and ammonia -nitrogen dealt by the mixed soil which coatained 20%white mud was invested.The result shows that the removal of COD is above 60% the removal cf ammonia-nitrogen is above 90%when hydraulie loading change froem 15.92 L/(m2.d)to 191.08L/m2.d) COD loading change froem 36.14 g/(m2.d)to 144.58g/(m2.d).The removal of COD and ammonia nitrogen are poeitively correlated with the concentrati...
粉煤灰综合利用 2018 NO.4FLYASHCOMPREHENSIVEUTILIZATION 试验与应用
电场条件石灰改良盐渍土及消除盐胀机理研究 Study On ImprovingSalty Soil usingLime inElectrochemistry for Eliminating Salt-swelling
刘屹斯1,黄雪峰12,张彭成1,周俊鹏,殷鹤,方晟1
(1.陆军勤务学院军事设施系,重庆401311;2.兰州理工大学土木工程学院,甘肃兰州730050) 摘要:本次试验是针对盐渍土的盐胀特性,采用加人石灰并外加电场条件的方式对盐渍土进行了改良并开展相应 盐渍土改良为非盐渍土;(2)通过试验对比,改良前后的盐胀差异性很大,改良后的盐渍土在低温下具有很好的稳定性, 消除了盐胀特性;(3)在盐渍土地区,采用少量石灰外加电场条件改良技术能有效改良盐渍土,可作为盐渍土消除盐胀 有效的地基处理技术,也为局部土地消除盐碱化提供有效手段和应用前景。
关键词:盐渍土;石灰;盐胀;电化学 中图分类号:TU448文献标识码:A文章编号:1005-8249(2018)04-0044-04 Liu Yisi,Huang XuefengZhang PengchengZhou Junpeng,Yin He,Fang Sheng 1.DeparmntfMilitaryFaciltiesAmyLgisticalUniversityfPLA,Chngqing401311h; 2. College of Civil Engineering,Lanzhou Univ.of Tech.Lanzhou 730050, China) Abstrat:hxperntsedatlnatingthsaltwellingaatristifsaltyilIstheal xpanion testhatrvedaly soil using lime in electrochemistry at low temperatureTheresult shows that: (1) Sulphate sals remove saltby adding a certain proportion of the lime and eletrochemistry. ( 2) Improved salty soil remove the saltswelling characteristics through experimental parison. 3) In actual engineering, electrochemistry modified salty soil ill be used as a technical process for sulhate saly soil treatment. Keywords: sulphate salty soil;lime; salt-swelling: electrochemistry
近年来,随着我国西部大开发战略不断推进和具备潜伏性、隐蔽性和长期性等特点,对低荷载的 “一带一路”战略规划和进人实施阶段,西北地区发工程建筑具有很高的危害[2。
粉煤灰综合利用 FLY ASH COMPREHENSIVE UTILIZATION 2013N0.1 专题研究 玻璃粉在复合胶凝材料中的应用研究* Study on Application of Glass Powder in Complex Binder 刘数华12,白岩3 (1.建筑安全与环境国家重点实验室,北京100013; 2.武汉大学水资源与水电工程科学国家重点试验室,武汉430072; 3.宁夏水务投资集团有限公司,银川750001) 摘要:随着城市化建设的进程加快,产生大量废弃玻璃,如何回收利用这些废弃玻璃便成为当前的重要课题.将 玻璃粉作为矿物掺合料用于混凝土和砂浆中,不仅可部分替代水泥,还能改善试件的微结构和性能.本文通过强度试验 和EM测试,表明玻璃粉可用作矿物掺合料,而且具有火山灰效应和填充效应,进而改善浆体的微结构,提高试件的强 度. 关键词:复合胶凝材料;玻璃粉;强度;微结构;粉煤灰 中图分类号:TU528.041文献标识码:A 文章编号:1005-8249(2013)01-0003-03 LIU Shuhua BAI Yan (1.State Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Built Environment Beijing 100013; 2.State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science Wuhan University Wuhan 430072; 3.Ningxia Water Investment Group Co.Ltd.Yinchuan 750001) Abstract:With the accelerated process of urbanization a large number of waste glass is genenated;how to recycle and reuse the waste glass is being an important subject.Glass powder can be used as mineral admixture in concrete and mortar which can not only replace part of ce- ment but also improve the microstructure and properties of the specimens.The strength and SEM testing results show that the glass powder can be used as mineral admixture and has pozzolanic effect and filling effect thus it can improve the microstructure and increase strength of specimens. Key words:Complex binder;glass powder;strength;microstructure;fly ash 城市垃圾中混杂着使用过的玻璃容器、玻璃灯泡、仅为大量减少城市固体垃圾找到了一条有效途径,而 玻璃板和阴极射线管等废玻璃.我国城市固体废料中且还会对发展绿色环保型建筑起到重要的推动作用, 有6%~11%为废弃玻璃[3.玻璃的化学性质十分稳具有很大的环境保护意义[3...
关键词:玄武岩纤维;聚合物乳液;混凝土干缩性能 中图分类号:TU528.571 文献标识码:A文章编号:1005-8249(2014)06-0030-04 Li Qi-yang', Wang Yong-jie²,Song Yun=xiang² (1.Henan Yuhuai Expressway CO.,LTD.,Xinyang 464400,China 2.Henan Transportation Research Institute CO.,LTD.Zhengzhou 450006,China) Abstract:he experments on drying shrinkage of concrete were tested,and the effct of bsalt fber and polymer mulion n the drying shrinkafete stdiederels wthbaltalangativefetnthedrinhinkaefreh meansthmrefbaltfehlarerringrinkaeatfrt gtWitheeplinhdrynghk rate of concrete shows a significant increasing trend.The effct of basalt fber and polymer emulsion mixed on the drying shrinkage of concrete is bettr thanbsalf beandplyemulsiouealoecpudedue obasal be and polemulionanla dualmodifcatiofet on drying shrinkage of conerete. Key Wordsbasalt fiber;polymer emulsion;drying shrinkage of concrete 干缩是水泥基类材料的特性,水泥混凝土的干缩在其中均匀掺人各种非连续的短切玄武岩纤维为增强 对其结构耐久性有极其不利的影响。
粉煤灰综合利用 FLYASHCOMPREHENSIVEUTILIZATION2016 NO.2
试验与应用
物理化学强化对再生混凝土收缩性能影响 Influence of Physical and Chemical Enhancement on Shrinkage Performance of Recycled Concrete
韩帅'2,李秋义',王中兴,曹瑜斌',谢汝鹏 (1.青岛理工大学,山东青岛266033;2.济南轨道交通集团有限公司,山东济南250101) 摘要:根据《混凝土用再生粗骨料》(GB/T25177-2010),废弃混凝土经简单破碎、一次颗粒整形和二次颗粒整形 后分别制得Ⅱ类再生粗骨料、准I类再生粗骨料和I类再生粗骨料,并将三类再生粗骨料在浓度6%的有机硅烷防水剂 代率(中,=0、50%、100%)取代天然骨料对再生混凝土的收缩性能的影响。
关键词:颗粒整形;物理化学强化;再生租骨料混凝土;收缩率 中图分类号:528.01文献标识码:A文章编号:1005-8249(2016)02-0003-05 Han Shuai, Li Qiuyi, Wang Zhongzxing, CaoYubin , Xie Rupeng (Collaborative Innovation Center of Engineering Construction and Safety in Shandong Blue Economic Zone Qingdao Technological University, Qingdao 266033, China) Abstract:According to《Recycled coarse aggregate in concrete )(GB/T 251772010),the waste concrete is simply crushed to II class releetyrttraeilsthingir t joe poas p aae a sp uus qd concentration6% for 24hchmical retnt an then tree kinds ofreeyelecareagreate f physicaland chemical enhnmnt cabegotThe infuence on coefficient of the chloride migration and substitution rate (Φ=0, 50%, 100%)of recycled coarse agregate of physiecal and chemical enhancement toreplace natural agregate was studied.The results show tha,the order f shrinkage perfomane diffrent onreycldcoarse agregate isSASI recycled coarse aggregate concrete>FASI recycled coarse agregate concrete >SBASI recycled coarse agregate cocrete, which is better than ordinary conerete.With the increase of the substitution rale, the coeffcient of the shrinkage perfomante of SBASIFAS 和 SA-SI recycled coarse agregate conerete reduces. Key Words:particle shaping; physical and chemical enhancement; reycled coarse agregate concrete; shrinkage 再生骨料混凝土是一种新型绿色混凝土,以建筑的保护。
关键词:固硫灰;般烧制度;铁铝酸盐水泥;性能 中图分类号:TQ172.1文献标识码:A文章编号:1005-8249(2014)06-0026-04 Zhou Juan,LShuzhenXiaoZheng,LuoYuTang Cuilan,Zhang Kwei (1.SehlfMatrialsSiene and EngineeringouthwestUniversityfSceneandTechologyMinyang62010chin 2.State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composite and Functional Materials,Southwest University of Science Abstractlinoferiecement linker was prepaed byusing circulating uidizedbed cmustion CFC)yashasrawmatrialsTh ft ofcalatetenholinmlftnflikendhaicyfainfricmntwe stby and SEM. The results show that the main mineral positions of aluminoferic cement clinker inelde CS, CAS and CAF. CAF is the solid solutionf CFand AFTh valernge f calinti tmpertue is 320~1350℃and th valerne fholding timeis400in. The presive strength of aluminoferic cement are 52.07MPa at 3d, 89.53MPa at 28d and 131.83MPa at 56d in the condition of 1340°℃C calcination temperature and 40min holding time. Key wordsCFBCyash:calcinion:procedures;alinofenic cemen clinker;perfomnce 固硫灰是电厂循环流化床锅炉中含硫煤与石灰石 自身水硬性(5.6]。
粉煤灰综合利用 2010NO.6 FLY ASH COMPREHENSIVE UTILIZATION 诚验座用 炉渣基透水材料对Cr的吸附性能研究 Study of the Adsorption of Cr'on Slag-based Permeable Material 张小龙,张诚,龙昀光2 (1.西北工业大学理学院应用化学系,西安710129;2.西北工业大学明德学院,西安710124) 摘要:利用炉渣的性质制成炉基透水材料,研究对六价铬离子的去除效果.在试验条件下,分析骨料配比和水 泥的比例对样品的影响,确定在骨料配比(细粒:中粒=2:1)和对水泥的比例为2:1时,样品对重铬酸根离子的去除效 果较好,即1cm厚炉渣基透水砖对六价铬离子三次透过后的去除率高达78.50%,而对于10cm透水填料柱,一次性对高 浓度重铬酸根离子的去除率就可达到99.32%. 关键词:炉渣;重络酸根;吸附 中图分类号:X703 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1005-8249(2010)06-0026-04 Zhang Xiaolongl Zhang Chengl Long Yunguang? (1 School of Science Northwesterm Polytechnical University XianShaanxi 710129; 2 Northwestem Polytechnical University Ming De College XianShaanxi 710124) Abstract:The slag with its nature is made into permeable material and is stapied to study the removal effere of the hexavalent chromium ions.In the experimental conditions the paper analyses of the inpuenceof the ratio of aggregate and cement ratio on the samples determines the ratio of the aggregate fine:medium grain =2:1)and the ratio of cement are 3:1.The samples of the dichromate ion removal is better that is 1cm thick slag based on the hexavalent chroemiumion permeable brick as high as 78.50%removal rate through the post three times while the 10em permeable filler column once on the high concentrntion of dichromate ion removal rate can reach 99.32%. Key words blast fumace slag:dichromate adsorption C(VI)为吞入性毒物/吸入性极毒物,皮肤接触问题,而新发现的粉煤灰、炉渣在处理重金属废水都有 可能导致敏感;更可能造成遗传性基因缺陷,吸入可能很好的去除效果,且使环境资源得到重新利用,变废为 致癌,对环境有持久危险性.电镀、冶金、皮革鞣制、印宝.易国勋等利用电厂粉煤灰进行...
粉煤灰综合利用 2013N0.1 FLY ASH COMPREHENSIVE UTILIZATION 专题研究 灰色理论预测锂渣高性能混凝土中锂渣的临界细度* Prediction of Grey Fheory on Critical Fineness of Lithium Slag in the High Performance Concrete with Lithium Slag 吴福飞,侍克斌,努尔开力依孜特罗甫,赵江涛,刘宝星 (新疆农业大学水利与土木工程学院,新疆乌鲁木齐830052) 摘要:采用灰色理论建立GM(1 1)模型来预测锂渣高性能混凝土中锂渣的细度,结果表明:通过GM(1 1)模 型预测出的锂渣细度与试验值吻合较好;并通过残差检验,相对误差均≤3%.比较GM(1 1)模型计算值与试验值,证 明这种灰色理论预测方法是简便易行的、可靠的、准确的,可以进一步探究应用于高性能混凝土其它性能的试验研究中. 关键词:灰色理论;预测;锂渣;细度 中图分类号:TU502*.4文献标识码:A 文章编号:1005-8249(2013)01-0006-03 WUFu-fei SHI Ke-bin NuerkailiY izite liopu ZHAO Jiang-tao LIU Bao-xing (The College of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering Xin jiang Agricultural University Urumqi 830052 China) Abstract:Using grey theory and establishing GM(1 1)Model to predict fineness of lithium slag in the high performance concrete with lith- ium slag The results shows that lithium alaga fineness through the GM(1 1)model of the prediction tallywell with experimental results.And through the residual inspection all the relative error are within 3%.Therefore it prones that the Grey theory prediction method is easy and conven- ient reliable and accurate.It can further explore other properties in the experimental research of the high performance concrete within lithium slag. Key words:Grey theory prediction lithium slag;fineness 自从1824年水泥的问世以来,混凝土在工程方面各领域.本文运用灰色GM(1 1)模型预测锂渣高性 的应用就得到了极大的关注.特别是2世纪以来,在能混凝土中锂渣的细度,在少量试验结果的基础上, 道路、桥梁、房屋、大坝等工程中的运用展示出了其优预测出锂渣高性能混凝土中锂渣的细度与试验值吻合 越性.目前混凝土已成为材料的中流砥柱,也是工程 较好. 中不可缺少的部分.但是对于混凝土的研究,还处于 试验阶段.而对于混凝土这种多...