CRANE
Flow of Fluids
ThroughValves Fittingsand Pipe
TechnicalPaperNo.410M.MetricVersion
ThroughValves FittingsandPipe
TechnicalPaperNo.410MMetricVersion
By the Engineering Department
C200g-Crane Co.
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Hardee R T. (2008) Pping System Fundamentals: The CompleteGuide to Gng a Clear Plcture ofur Piping Sysm.Lacey WA: Engineered Software Inc.Moody LF.(1944 November) Fiction Factors fr Pipe Fiow. Transsctions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 66 Verma M.P Moody Chart:An ActiveX Component to Calculate 671-678.3. FrictionalFactorforFluidFlow inPipelinesStanfordGethemal WorkshpStafodUniverstyJanur2302008.4 National Fre Protection Asociation (2006) NFPA 15 Standard for Water Spry fxe Systems for Fre Protection. Quncy MA:NatinalFire Protection Association. Colebrook C.F & White C.M. (1937).The Reduction of Carying5. Capacity of Pipes with Age.J. Inst. Cv Eng. London (10). Lamont P.A. (1981). Common Pipe Flow Compared with theTheory6. Walski T Sharp W.&Shields F.(1988) Predicting Intal of Roughness. Jouma/ American Water Works Association. 59(5) 274.7 Roughness in Waer Mains Miscellaneous Paper EL-86-2 US Army Engineer Wateways Experiment Sttion: Vickbur MS.8. Bhave P.&Gupta R (2007) Analysis of Water Distrbution9. Hodgo B.K and Kenig K.(1995). Compressible Fluid Dynamics With Personaf Computer Applications. Englewood Clits N: Prentie Networksc Alpha Science International Lid.10.Green D.W. and Perry R.H. (2008). Pery Chemical Engineers Hall.Steady Flow n Gas Pipelines" Insttute of Gas Techology Report Handbook 8* Edition New Yoric McGraw-HiI.12.Coelho PMand Pinho C.(2007)Considerations About Eqaions No. 10 American Gas Association New York 1965.BrazilanSooty of Mhanica Sciencs &Engiering 29(3) for Steady State Flowin Natural Gas Pipelines. Joumaf of the262-273.13.Lyons W.C.and Pisga G. J. (2005) Standard Handbook of Oxford UK: Gulf Prfessonal Pullshing PetrofuandNatur/Gas Engiring 2Edon.Buringon MA;14. Mohitpour M Golshan HL and Muray AL (2003) Pipeine Design &Constructio: A Practical Approach 2 Edition. New York: ASME Press.15.Shapiro A. H. (1953) The Dynemics anc Themodynamics of CoCndRRO.2)LdnVad Compressbie Fluid Flow. John Wiley & Sons.16. Pipes of One-Hal to Twele Inches Diameter Unversity of Wisconsin17.PigotS5Presur LssnTingeandFii Experimental Station Bulletin 9(1).Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 72 679-688.18.Idelchiks LE. (2008). Handbook of Hydraulic Resistance 3 Ediion. Mumbal India: Jaico Publishing House.19.Miler D.S. (2008]).Intemaf Flow Systems 2* Edltion Bedlord UK: Miller Inovafions.20. Streeter V.L (1951). Fluid Mechanics f# Edion New York: McGraw- HIL.21.Standards of Hydraulic Insttute 8° Edition. 1947
dd efeg 06 u mo pmg o soss ansd (ss) HX eg23.Kirhh(5）fEMBentn 22. BendsJumalfResrhoftheNationa/Burau ofStandars2of the Munich Hydraulc Inste American Socity of Mechanical Engineers 3.24. Skousen PL (2004) Vave Handbook 2 Ediion. New Ybrc McGraw-HIL.Liptak B.G.(2005) Instrument Engineers' Hanbook: Process Control nd Opimizatn EdtionBoca Raton FL: CRC Press.26. Flow Equtions for Sizing Contro Vaves. ANSISA75.0L01 (IECMeasuremnt ofFuid Flowin Pipes Using Orice Nozzle and 60534-2-1 Mod-2007; pages 1-23. Venturl. ASME MFC-3M-2004.28. Centifuga/Pmp 7ests. ANSHI 1.6-2000; Hydraulic Institute; 2000.29. MenorumSeectionTool.(2009)erieved uly132009 fm Efects of Lquld Viscosity on Rotodynamc (Centrifugal and Vertical) Pump Perfomnce.ANSI/HI 9.6.72004;Hydraulic Instite; 2004.30. Crane Pumps and Systems.Websie:htp:/ pumpselector.php Fiow of Fuids. 2009) etreved July 13 2009 frm Flowof Fds32. Vol M (2005) Pump Characteristics and Applicatons 2 Edition33 Intemational Asociaton frth Prpertios ofWaterandStem.Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General (2009). Revised Release on the IAPWS Formulation T995 for theand Scientiic Use Boulder CO: Inenational Association for th Properties of Water and Steam.34.ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals (2005). American Society of Heating Rerigraing and AiCondiining Enginees Atnta GA35.Yaws C.L (2003). Yaws' Handbook of Themocynamic and Physical Properties of Chemcal Compounds. Houston TX: Gul Publishing.36. Not used. Lide D.R and Haynes W. Meds.Hndbook of Chemsty and38. Avallon EABar T and Saeh AM s 2007 Physics90 EdionBoca Raton FL CRC Press.MarksStandard Handbook for Mchanical Engineers r Edlon. New York: McGraw-Hi.39. Viswaneth D Ghosh T Prasad D. Dut N.and Rani K. (2007). Viscosity f Lquids: Theory Estmtion Exprimntation and Data.40. Edward S. (1998)Mechanicaf Engineer' Reference Book 12 Edifion Boston MA: Buerworth Heinemann.Guo B. and Ai G. (2005). Naturaf Gas Engineering Handbook. Houston TX: Gulf Ppblshing.Cranium:Property Estimation (2009). Computer softwareBedor NH:Molecular Knowledge Systems.43.PIPE-FLOPfol (0)u sLaeyWA Engineered Software Inc.44 Nelson WL(1949)Petroleum Refnery EnginringNwr NY; McGraw-Hi Book Co.45. ASME Steam Tables (1967). American Society of Mechanical EnginerNe York NY.298.46. Fluid Meters (1971) American Society of Mechanical Engineers. New York NY. Part 16* Edition.
In the 21st century the global industrial base continues to expand. Fluid handling is still at the heart of new moreplex processes and applications. In the 19th century water was the only important fluid which was conveyed fromone point to anotherin pipe.Today almost every conceivable Bssoud uonpoud s buunp add u popueu s pintransportation or utilisation. In the 1950's newfiuids such as liquid metals i.e. sodium potassium and bismuth aswell as liquid oxygen nitrogen etc. were added to the list of more mon fluids such as ilwater gasesacidsandliquors that were being transported in pipe at the time. In thecurrent decade of new technologles heat-transfer fluids for solar plants mineral slurries and new chemical poundsexpand the envelope ofmaterials of construction desin process pressures and temperature extremes as neverbefore. Transporting fluids is not the only phase of hydraulics which warrants attention either. Hydraulic and pneumaticmechanisms are used extensively for the precise controls of moderm aircraft sea-going vessels automotive equipment machine tools earth-moving and road-building machines where precise control of fuid flow is required for plant scientific laboratory equipment and massive refineriesautomation.
So extensive are the applications of hydraulic and ffuldmechanics that most engineering disciplines have found itTo satistya demandfora simple andpractical treatment f necessary to teach at least the elementary laws of fluid flow.the subject of flow in pipe Crane Co.in 1935 first published a booklet entitied Fiow of Fluids and Heat Transmission.A revised edition on the subject of Flow of Fluids Through Valves Fittings and Pipe was published in 1942 asTechnicalPaper 409. In 1957 a pletely new edion with an all- new format was introduced as Technical Paper No. 410. Ininformation on flow of fluidsin summarized form with all T.P.410 Crane endeavored to present the latest availableauxillary data necessary to the solution of all but the mostunusual fluid flow problems.
The 1976editionpresentedaconceptualchangeregardingthevalues of Equivalent Length L/D and Resistance CoeficientK for valves and fittings relative to the friction factor in pipes. This change had a relatively minor effect on most problemsdealing with flow conditions that result in Reynolds numbers falling in the turbulent zone.However forflow in the laminarzone the change avoided a significant overstatement of pressure drop. Consistent with this conceptual revision the resistance to flow through valves and fittings became expressed in terms of resistance coefficient K instead ofequivalent length L/D and the coverage of valve and fitingtypes was expanded. Further important revisions included updatingl steamviscosity datarificecoefficientsnd
Foreword
CRANECO.
nozzle coefficients. As in previous printings nomographs were included for the use of those engineers who preferredproblems. graphical methods of solving some of the more simple
In the 2009 edition of Technical Paper410 Crane Co.has nowincluded new fliow control and measurement ponents to the pages of this paper. Pumps and Control Valves criticalelements of fluid handling are included for the first time as well as Flow Meters and several additional types of valvesthe content throughout. Many of the nomographs have been and fittings. We have added new illustrations and updatedfor the latest data. replaced with online calculators. Visit
Originally data on flow through valves and fittings wereEngineering Laboratories. For this 2009 update additional obtained by carefully conducted experiments in the Craneof valves with defined resistance coefficients. In addition tests were performed within Crane to increase the numberindustry research was also gathered and refined to provide the reader with the latest methods for calculating hydraulicresistance. Resistance values for fittings were correlatedupdated methods are provided in this paper particularlyseen with the new treatment of Tees and the addition of Wyes.
Since the last major update of TP-410 personal puters and Web applications have bee the putationaltools of choice.To meethe needs of today's engineers wehave presented a variety of proven putational methods to simplify fluid flow calculations for those interested inIn addition Flow of Flulds has its own web site ( with a variety of Web based tools to simplify your most mon fluid flow calculations.
The 2009 version of the Technical Paper 410 employs themost current references and specifications dealing with flow throughvavsfiingpesmcontrlvaand flow meters. The fluid property data found in Appendix A has been updated to reflect the current research oncited throughout the paper. estimating fuid property data with references for the data
From 1957 until the present there have been numerousprintings of Technical Paper No. 410. Each successive printing is updated as necessary to reflect the latest flowserves the best interests of the users of this publication. The information available. This continual updating we bellieve Flow of Fluids software and updated web site provide usersWe wele your input for improvement. with electronic tools and a source for the latest information.
