EARTHAND ROCKFILLDAMS
Principlesofdesignandconstruction
CHRISTIAN KUTZNERConsultingGeotechnicalEngineer Honorary Professor DarmstadtUniversiryofTechnologyHofheim Germany
ODTO KUTUPHANESIMETU LIBRARY
Published by
ISBN 90 5410 682 4
1997AA.Bakema RoamPried in the Netherlands
lensbABmviddbUl AuthrizatpflhllsffMA01923SAForthseraizationsataebeengraedaboysbyCC US0.0isddilyrhClee2oodDDsesfhdfefoRg Service is:90 5410 682 4/97 US$1.50 US$0.10.
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FOREWORD IX
PREFACE IX
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XIII
2 HISTORY 4
3PROJECTDEVELOPMENT 93.1 Overview 93.3 Morphology and topography 3.2Geology 10 93.4Hydrology 123.5 Selection of the dam location 12
4.1 General considerations 174.2 Field investigations 4.2.1 Geological and geotechnical investigations 21 214.2.3 Penetration tests 4.2.2 Boreholes 27 364.2.4 Test pits 84.2.6Large scale tests 4.2.5 Adits 41 43
V1 Contents4.3.3 Rockfill material 704.3.4 Mineral filtermaterials and concrete aggregates 4.3.5 Ground water and surface water 76 774.4 Availability and suitability of natural construction materials 4.5 Selection of the type of dam 78815 TYPES OF DAMS 5.1 Homogeneous dams 83 85.2 Zoned dams with natural sealing 835.3 Rockfill dams with earth core 5.4 Dams with artificial internal sealing 85 875.5 Dams with face sealing 886 ASSESSMENT OF THE PERFORMANCE OF DAMS 916.1 Static loads 6.1.1 Deformation due to dead load 91 916.1.2 Deformation due to impounding 946.1.3 Slope stability 6.1.4 Sliding stability 97 986.2 Dynamic loads 6.3 Hydraulic loads 996.3.1 Seepage through the dam 101 1016.3.2 Secpage through the foundation 6.3.3 Reservoir operation 103 1037DESIGN OFEARTHAND ROCKFILL DAMS 7.1 General design criteria 105 1057.1.2 Freeboard 7.1.1 Overview 105 1077.1.3 Dam crest 1117.1.4 Curvature of the dam axis 7.1.5 Slope protection 115 1157.2 Homogeneous dams 7.3 Dams with natural sealing 122 1187.3.1 Dam zoning 1227.3.2 Sealing elements 7.3.3 Filters and transition zones 128 1437.4 Dams with artificial sealing 7.3.4 Dam foundation 1677.4.1 Dam zoning 175 1757.4.2 Sealing elements 7.4.3 Filters and transition zones 176 1937.4.4 Foundation of artificial sealings 196
7.5 Interfaces 7.5.1 Interfaces of natural internal sealings and structures 202 2037.5.2 Interfaces of artificial intermal sealings and structures 2067.6 Foundation improvement 7.5.3 Interfaces of artificial face sealings and structures 207 2107.6.1 Permeability 2107.6.2 Bearing capacity 2168STABILITYANALYSIS 8.1Introduction 219 2198.2 Static loads 2208.2.1 Limit equilibrium 8.2.2 Stresses and deformations 220 2228.2.3 Hydraulic conditions 2268.3 Dynamic loads 8.3.1 Limit equilibrium 226 2268.3.2 Stresses and deformations 2279CONSTRUCTION OFEARTHAND ROCKFILL DAMS 2329.2 Excaivating and quarrying of natural construction materials 9.1 River diversion 232 2349.3.Processing of natural construction materials 236 2369.3.1 Cohesive soils 9.3.2 Non-cohesive soils 2489.4Placingandpactingofnatural constructionmaterials 9.3.3 Rockfill materials 250 2509.4.1 Cohesive soils 2509.4.3 Rockfill materials 9.4.2 Non-cohesive soils 254. 2589.4.4 Compaction under water 262 2629.5 Quality control 9.5.1 Cohesive soils 2629.5.3 Rockfill materials 9.5.2 Non-cohesive soils 270 2659.6 Composition of artificial sealing materials 2719.6.1 Soil-cement 9.6.2 Asphaltic concrete 273 2719.7 Placing of artificial sealing materials 9.6.3 Conventional concrete 274 2749.7.1 Internal sealings of asphaltic concrete 2749.7.3Face sealings of conventional concrete 9.7.2 Face sealings of asphaltic concrete 280 2779.8 Preparation of the foundation 282
