guidance manual on . water supply and sanitation programmes
Prepared by WELL
WELL is a resource centre funded by the Department for Intemational Development (DFID) e u d It is managed by the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) and theWater Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC) Loughborough University UK.
@ LSHTM/WEDC 1998
Published by WEDC for DFID
ISBN 58 X
Departrment for Intermational Development 94 Victoria Street wopbusy pe(un London SW1E 5JL
Editorial contributions by Kirmnberly Clarke
Cover photographs:
Foreword
The White Paper on International Development sets out theGovernment's policy to seek to strengthen the internationalmitment to meet the international poverty elimination targets. Improved access to safe and affordable water supply and sanitation isan essential ponent of the strategy. Lack of such access is a cleardeterminant of poverty. It results in millions of children dyingchildren collecting water is wearisome and time consuming and often annually from diarrhoea and water-related diseases. For women andresults in children not being able to attend school.
Better access to safe water and sanitation not only leads toimprovements in health but also saves time and energy and enhanceslivelihood opportunities.
The Department for International Development missioned thisGuidance Manual to assist staff and partners to develop effective and sustainable water supply and sanitation programmes. It represents ssd on s from key UK professionals in the sector. It details inter-disciplinaryposq-dqsued jo uoeuudu pue uued o sqoode programmes.
The challenge is vast and cannot be met simply by development aid and public funds. Partnerships between governments theprivate-sector and civil society are central to sustainable solutions.I hope that this manual will make a significant contribution toenhancing the effectiveness of our efforts.
Secretary of State for International Development Clare Short
Preface
This Manual has been prepared as a tool to help improve DFID'ssupport for water supply and sanitation (WS&S) projects andprogrammes in developing countries. Its particular focus is on how DFID assistance can best meet the needs of the urban and rural poorfor WS&S services. To facilitate the targeting of the poor reflects theobjective of UK international development support set out in theand opportunities for poor people'-one of three objectives White Paper on International Development °better education healthcontributing to the general aim ‘the elimination of poverty in poorcountries'.
The Manual has been written primarily for DFID staff: both those identifying appraising and evaluating WS&S projects; and thosedeveloping managing and monitoring such projects.DFID believesresulting policies and procedures will also be of interest to its project that the discussions of WS&S sector issues and approaches and thepartners in national and local govermments non-governmentalorganizations (NGOs) and other external support agencies. The Manual will also inform DFID contractors and consultants of theDepartment's objectives and the approaches to be followed inachieving them.
Professional engineers health scientists economists and sociologistsare all closely involved in the achievement of sustainable WS&S services for the poor. Each needs to know not only his/her own roleand objectives but also the experiences and approaches which guidethe others. The paratively lengthy discussion of key principles and practices in Section 2 of the Manual is intended to contribute to thiscross-fertilization. Specialists are urged to read the sections related toother disciplines and to accept the extended elaboration of conceptswhich should be familiar to them in their own sections.
The Guidance Manual has been prepared for DFID by WELL (Water and Environmental Health at London and Loughborough) with thefollowing specialist authors contributing material: Jo Beall Sandy Cairncross Ben Cave Andrew Cotton Val Curtis Pete Kolsky Jeremy Parr Sarah Parry-Jones Bob Reed Kevin Sansom Ian Smout Hugh Tebbutt and Judy White.
Numerous DFID staff assisted with discussion of ideas andexperience.
The contributions were co-ordinated and drawn together by WELLBrian Appleton. Associate Director Ian Smout with assistance from Technical Editor
Aboutthismanual
The overall aim of the Department for Intermational DevelopmentDFID) is identified in the UK Government's White Paper on International Development as 'the elimination of poverty in poorercountries'. Three specific objectives are set:
1. Policies and actions which promote sustainable livelihoods
2. Better education health and opportunities for poor people
3. Protection and better management of the natural and physicalenvironment
In the White Paper increased UK support for water supply and sanitation (WS&S) is seen as contributing particularly towards thesecond objective. In fact improving WS&:S services for the poormunity development. Better sanitation practices also have a major contributes significantly to the goal of sustainable livelihoods andimpact on the local environment and help to preserve freshwaterresources. Investments in WS&S may therefore be justified assupporting all three objectives.
UK contributions are targeted towards programmes that enable the em Suup jo sddns ojes o ssoooe ue o rood uequn pue pemand hygienic means of excreta disposal. They favour too theinstitution building stakeholder involvement monitoring and 'software’ ponents (hygiene promotion local capacity andfeedback) that help to ensure that installed systems deliver theoptimum health and social benefits and can be sustained in thelong term.
The primary purpose of this Manual is to set out the principles procedures and practices that should guide decisions on the choice design and management of appropriate WS&S projects. Because theeffectiveness and sustainability of WS&S projects depends not only on technology choice but also critically on user involvement theright gender approaches innovative munity-based financing andthe promotion of behavioural change the guidance includes engineering and health concerns. discussion of social financial and institutional aspects as well as
Basisoftheguidance
There is a wealth of literature covering experiences in the WS&Ssector during the last 20 years. To consolidate the information into aappointed nine Theme Leaders'. Their task was to prepare individual form which could be most useful to DFID and its partners WELLpapers setting out current thinking on guiding principles and goodpractices in relation to the critical themes and to convert these intopractical guidance for DFID staff involved in different aspects of the project cycle.
