ROCKFILLDAMS Designand Construction
ISBN 82-7598-014-3
Rockfill Damsby Bjrn KjernsliTore Valstad and Kare Heg Design and ConstructionPublished byNorwegian Institute of Technology Division of Hydraulic Engineering
Printed by Tapir Trondheim Norway Cover;Dam SvartevatnPhoto: Sira-Kvina KraftselskapCover design: Leif Gaustad
About the authors
genoissche Technische Hochschule(Dipl. Ing.1949) Bjon Kjaernsli received his academic training at the Eidand Imperial College (1953). At the Norwegian Geo-technical Institute (NCI since its establishment in1952 he headed the dam and rock engineering divisionthroughout the period 1957-1988. He is internationallyrecognized forhis work indam engineering andhydro power development.
Tore Valstad received his degree in civil engineering atthe Norwegian Institute of Technology (1967)and M.Sc.from the University of California Berkeley (1982）.He has been with NG1 since 1967 only interrupted by aUNDP assignment as chief technical adviser in Indiaspecial technical adviser at NGI with emphasis on dam (1985-1986). Since 1986 he has held the position ofand rock engineering
Kaare Hoeg received his civilengineering degrees fromwhere he was assistant professor during the period the Massachusets Institute of Technology (Sc.D.1965)1965-1967. He joined the faculty at Stanford Universityin 1968and was apointed full professor in 1973.He was director of NG1from 1974-1991and holds now theposition of special technical adviserat NGIandprofes-sor at the University ofOslo.Besides dam engineering he specializes in soil-structure interaction and offshorenational mittee of the International Commission on structures. He has been chairman of the NorwegianLarge Dams (ICOLD) since 1986.
HYDROPOWERDEVELOPMENT
VOLUMENO10
ROCKFILLDAMS Designand Construction
by
BjornKjaernsli ToreValstad andKaare HoegNorwegianGeotechnical Institute
AnIntroductiontotheSeries
theenvironmentisneededntherrequirmentisforplanningskiswhichlargelydependon Hydropwelaingrswidrangicwldfloynmprofesxtithfiaffexeriecungprfessonlsard tionally e about through close and continuous working relationships between older andyounger colleagues.
Not allf thisknowledehasbeen properly documented and therearefwif any ecenttextbooksdealingwithalltheopicsnvolvedMostrecentpublicationsnthefieldhavebeen baseoncaestudieThissitationhasbeentheimetusforthepresentworkComiing hispreensivendsytematccumentatnntelaningesinonstrtinnd ation of hydropower plants has been a challenging and time-consuming task.
countrieshydropower resources are being fully exploited.However Norway and many InmanyndustrializedcountresprofessonalexpertiseonhydropowerisdisappearingasthedevelopingcountriesstillhaveumrousunexploedhydropowerresourceSincehydropw erisacleanandrenewable source ofenergywhen properlyplanned andmanagedtheseresourceillfncreasingrancenthfuurSafeuaringnrecdingureet knowledge and experience inhydropower engineering are thereforemates of global sigif-cance.
The Norwegian Contribution to Hydropower
AlthoughhydropowerecholoyisglobalnscopeheseriesrefectsprmarilyNoweganexperience.This is due to Norways extensive exploitation of hydropower resources encour- aged by the local topography geology and climate.
numerous laes athighalttudesThismeansthatevensmallamscancreate sizeable strage Mostofthcountrysmountainousandinrecenteologicltimesmightylaciefomdvolumes which can be further increased by underwater *lake-tapping a technique pioneered by Norwegian engineers.
whichmakestheconstructionofunderground power stationsrelativelyinexpensive. Thecountrysgoologyprovidesabonussinceismountainsmainlyconsistofsolidrock
1.400mmhas ery unevengeographical disribution.Duringthe winte whenthedmand fr Norway'slimate shouldalsobeconsideredThecountry'sannualaveragepreipitationfelectric power is greatest much of the precipitation is retained on the ground as snow.
As the cheapestandmostreadily available waterfalls have been exploited，necessityhasimproedthlguchsemesaventnlbrokenewgrounduaresenmCaldesignhave givenrisetomethods and solutionswhichrepresentmajoracvancesnhydro icallyviableowa'spaticularaturalcharacteristicsand thepressingdemanfreconompower technology and which are widely applicable to hydropower schemes in other countres.
The embodiment of Norwegian hydropower experience in this series not onlymeets theneecis ofNowegianengineersbutitwillalsobeof great value to enginees engaged inthe planning construction and operation of hydropower plants elsewhere in the world.
About the Volumes
All volumes in the series are presented on the back cover of each volume.Each volume deals withaseparate tpicThe theoretical basisforachopicissetutandfollwed byadesrition of how it is applied in eachdisciplinein practice.Each volume is thus a distillation of cur rent hinking and practice within the particular topic or field.
groupsfeaders.shouldbetedthatmstfthecnenfeacolumeisriginaanhs The series is planned so that its volumes can be bined to meet the needs of differentcourse in hydropower engineering this series will provide a valuable supplement oconven- not been published before in existing textbooks. This means that when planning a pletetional textbooks.
Acknowledgements
Theathrsf theresptivevlesrealleaingprfesnalswihtheirfeldshiing Committee wants to extend to each of them its most sincere thanks for ouitstanding and unselfish efforts in realizing this project.
tion made the realization of the project possible. TheCommitte alswantstoexpress its gratitude toallfinancial supporterswhosecontribu
Trondheim 1992Editing Committee
PREFACE
The Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) has actively been engaged intheplaningdesinconstructinconrolandonitoringfsomea rockfill dams up to 145 m high. The authors are all members of the NGIstaffand the enior author has headedup these activities atGIincldingthe acpanying research and development relating to embankment dams since 1953.
The manuscript for this book is based on an NGI design manual. The objec-material is mainly based on Norwegian practice and conditions but also on tive is to present practical design and construction remendations. Theextensive intermational experience.
Chapter 1 gives a summary of experience remendations and views withreference to further discussion in the subsequent seven chapters.Textbooksshould be consulted for details on theoretical soiland rock mechanics and onthe use of numerical methods for analysis of deformationsstresses and fuid flow in porous media. Emphasis is placed on the exercise of judgment andthe importance of personal interaction between designers and field forces.
The authors would like to thank all their colleagues at NGI who have con-tributed tothedevelopment in the laboratory andin theficldn theory andinpractice.
